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Power Spectral Density of Cosine-phased BOC signals: Difference between revisions
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{{Article Infobox2 | {{Article Infobox2 | ||
|Category=Fundamentals | |Category=Fundamentals | ||
|Authors=J.A Ávila Rodríguez, University FAF Munich, Germany. | |||
|Authors= J.A Ávila Rodríguez, University FAF Munich, Germany. | |||
|Level=Advanced | |Level=Advanced | ||
|YearOfPublication=2011 | |YearOfPublication=2011 | ||
|Title={{PAGENAME}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
The [[Autocorrelation & Power Spectral Density|Power Spectral Density]] of the even cosine-phased BOC is: | The [[Autocorrelation & Power Spectral Density|Power Spectral Density]] of the even cosine-phased BOC is: | ||
Line 22: | Line 21: | ||
According to this, <math>G_{Mod,\epsilon}^{BOC_{cos}\left(nf_c/4,f_c\right)}\left \{ f \right \} </math> can be expressed as follows: | According to this, <math>G_{Mod,\epsilon}^{BOC_{cos}\left(nf_c/4,f_c\right)}\left \{ f \right \} </math> can be expressed as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_5.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_5.png|none|740px]] | ||
or equivalently, | or equivalently, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_6.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_6.png|none|680px]] | ||
what can also be expressed as: | what can also be expressed as: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_7.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_7.png|none|500px]] | ||
Decomposing the different terms of the sum, we have: | Decomposing the different terms of the sum, we have: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_8.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_8.png|none|460px]] | ||
where, | where, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_9.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_9.png|none|500px]] | ||
As we can observe, <math>\Phi_1^-\left(A\right)=\Phi_1^+\left(-A\right)</math> remaining this identity true also for the other two summands <math>\Phi_2^-\left(A\right)</math> and <math>\Phi_3^-\left(A\right)</math>. Furthermore, if we look in detail at (9), we can see that it can be simplified again using the methodology of previous Appendixes. Indeed, | As we can observe, <math>\Phi_1^-\left(A\right)=\Phi_1^+\left(-A\right)</math> remaining this identity true also for the other two summands <math>\Phi_2^-\left(A\right)</math> and <math>\Phi_3^-\left(A\right)</math>. Furthermore, if we look in detail at (9), we can see that it can be simplified again using the methodology of previous Appendixes. Indeed, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_10.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_10.png|none|720px]] | ||
Line 54: | Line 53: | ||
It must be noted, that according to the definition of the BOC modulation in cosine phasing as a BCS signal, <math>n \in \left \{4,8,12,\cdots \right \}</math> and the term <math>\left(-1\right)^{n/2+1}</math> can be further simplified since will always be odd. In the same manner: | It must be noted, that according to the definition of the BOC modulation in cosine phasing as a BCS signal, <math>n \in \left \{4,8,12,\cdots \right \}</math> and the term <math>\left(-1\right)^{n/2+1}</math> can be further simplified since will always be odd. In the same manner: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_12.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_12.png|none|560px]] | ||
and consequently, | and consequently, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_13.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_13.png|none|600px]] | ||
Line 65: | Line 64: | ||
Furthermore, <math>\Phi_2\left(A\right)</math> is shown to simplify to: | Furthermore, <math>\Phi_2\left(A\right)</math> is shown to simplify to: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_14.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_14.png|none|640px]] | ||
or equivalently, | or equivalently, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_15.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_15.png|none|480px]] | ||
For the third sum term, namely <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math>we have to solve first the following intermediate problem: | For the third sum term, namely <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math>we have to solve first the following intermediate problem: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_16.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_16.png|none|380px]] | ||
To do so, we define the following auxiliary function: | To do so, we define the following auxiliary function: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_17.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_17.png|none|600px]] | ||
Since n/2 is even, we can further simplify the expression above as follows: | Since n/2 is even, we can further simplify the expression above as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_18.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_18.png|none|320px]] | ||
Line 88: | Line 87: | ||
being the derivative of <math>f\left(A\right)</math> the function <math>\Phi_3^+\left(A\right)</math> as shown next: | being the derivative of <math>f\left(A\right)</math> the function <math>\Phi_3^+\left(A\right)</math> as shown next: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_19.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_19.png|none|570px]] | ||
Line 94: | Line 93: | ||
In an analogue way, substituting A by -A in (19) we can see that | In an analogue way, substituting A by -A in (19) we can see that | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_20.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_20.png|none|570px]] | ||
and therefore, | and therefore, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_21.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_21.png|none|720px]] | ||
what can be further simplified according to: | what can be further simplified according to: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_22.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_22.png|none|640px]] | ||
Now that we have calculated all the sum terms <math>\Phi_1\left(A\right)</math>, <math>\Phi_2\left(A\right)</math> and <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math>, we can have a simplified expression for the modulating term of the power spectral density of the cosine-phased BOC modulation. In fact, | Now that we have calculated all the sum terms <math>\Phi_1\left(A\right)</math>, <math>\Phi_2\left(A\right)</math> and <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math>, we can have a simplified expression for the modulating term of the power spectral density of the cosine-phased BOC modulation. In fact, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_23.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_23.png|none|780px]] | ||
If we further develop it, we obtain: | If we further develop it, we obtain: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_24.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_24.png|none|640px]] | ||
or equivalently, | or equivalently, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_25.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_25.png|none|460px]] | ||
Finally, since A=jB, we can simplify this expression as follows: | Finally, since A=jB, we can simplify this expression as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_26.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_26.png|none|640px]] | ||
so that the power spectral density of <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s=nf_c/4,f_c\right)</math> is shown to be: | so that the power spectral density of <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s=nf_c/4,f_c\right)</math> is shown to be: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_27.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_27.png|none|660px]] | ||
Finally since <math>n=4f_s/f_c</math>, it is trivial to see that the expression of the Power Spectral Density of an arbitrary cosine-phased BOC reduces in the even case to: | Finally since <math>n=4f_s/f_c</math>, it is trivial to see that the expression of the Power Spectral Density of an arbitrary cosine-phased BOC reduces in the even case to: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_28.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_28.png|none|620px]] | ||
Once we have obtained the expression for the even BOC modulation in cosine phasing, we calculate its odd counterpart next. | Once we have obtained the expression for the even BOC modulation in cosine phasing, we calculate its odd counterpart next. | ||
Line 137: | Line 136: | ||
For the case of the odd BOC modulation in cosine phasing, we have to derive a general expression for any n. As done in previous chapters, we will generalize over n. As in (2), the general expression for the odd case will be: | For the case of the odd BOC modulation in cosine phasing, we have to derive a general expression for any n. As done in previous chapters, we will generalize over n. As in (2), the general expression for the odd case will be: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_29.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_29.png|none|460px]] | ||
We begin with , where <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s,f_c\right)= BOC_{cos}\left(f_c,f_c\right)</math> can also be expressed as BCS([+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1], <math>f_c</math>), being the generation matrix as follows: | We begin with , where <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s,f_c\right)= BOC_{cos}\left(f_c,f_c\right)</math> can also be expressed as BCS([+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1], <math>f_c</math>), being the generation matrix as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_30.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_30.png|none|620px]] | ||
In this case, the modulating term will adopt the following form, | In this case, the modulating term will adopt the following form, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_31.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_31.png|none|780px]] | ||
while | while | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_32.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_32.png|none|340px]] | ||
In the same manner, for , <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s,f_c\right)= BOC_{cos}\left(2f_c,f_c\right)</math> what can also be defined in the general form as BCS([+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1], <math>f_c</math>). Thus | In the same manner, for , <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s,f_c\right)= BOC_{cos}\left(2f_c,f_c\right)</math> what can also be defined in the general form as BCS([+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1], <math>f_c</math>). Thus | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_33.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_33.png|none|680px]] | ||
if we continue by induction we can see that the expression for any n adopts the form: | if we continue by induction we can see that the expression for any n adopts the form: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_34.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_34.png|none|780px]] | ||
with <math>n \in \left \{6,10,14,18\cdots \right \}</math> and <math>n=2f_s/f_c</math>. Again, the modulating factor can be expressed as: | with <math>n \in \left \{6,10,14,18\cdots \right \}</math> and <math>n=2f_s/f_c</math>. Again, the modulating factor can be expressed as: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_35.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_35.png|none|460px]] | ||
with | with | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_36.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_36.png|none|260px]] | ||
Line 176: | Line 175: | ||
which is indeed the same expression we obtained in (7). However, since n is now twice an odd number, the results will vary slightly. Indeed it can be shown that: | which is indeed the same expression we obtained in (7). However, since n is now twice an odd number, the results will vary slightly. Indeed it can be shown that: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_37.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_37.png|none|730px]] | ||
Line 182: | Line 181: | ||
since <math>n \in \left \{6,10,14,18,\cdots \right \}</math> and will always be even. Thus we can simplify (37) as follows: | since <math>n \in \left \{6,10,14,18,\cdots \right \}</math> and will always be even. Thus we can simplify (37) as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_38.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_38.png|none|520px]] | ||
Therefore: | Therefore: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_39.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_39.png|none|700px]] | ||
We can proceed in a similar way with <math>\Phi_2\left(A\right)</math> and <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math> | We can proceed in a similar way with <math>\Phi_2\left(A\right)</math> and <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math>. To do so, we will use the already derived expressions for the even case and take into account that this time <math>n \in \left \{6,10,14,18,\cdots \right \}</math>. According to this, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_40.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_40.png|none|660px]] | ||
Line 198: | Line 197: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_41.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_41.png|none|500px]] | ||
Similarly, to calculate now <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math> we will make use of the function <math>f\left(A\right)</math> defined above. Nevertheless, since now n/2 is always odd, the expression simplifies as follows: | Similarly, to calculate now <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math> we will make use of the function <math>f\left(A\right)</math> defined above. Nevertheless, since now n/2 is always odd, the expression simplifies as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_42.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_42.png|none|440px]] | ||
and thus, for the odd case <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math> is shown to be: | and thus, for the odd case <math>\Phi_3\left(A\right)</math> is shown to be: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_43.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_43.png|none|660px]] | ||
Once we have calculated all the sum terms, it is time to obtain the expression for the modulating term of the power spectral density of the odd cosine-phased BOC modulation: | Once we have calculated all the sum terms, it is time to obtain the expression for the modulating term of the power spectral density of the odd cosine-phased BOC modulation: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_44.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_44.png|none|740px]] | ||
Line 216: | Line 215: | ||
or equivalently: | or equivalently: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_45.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_45.png|none|640px]] | ||
Line 222: | Line 221: | ||
The modulation term can also be expressed as follows: | The modulation term can also be expressed as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_46.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_46.png|none|620px]] | ||
Line 228: | Line 227: | ||
or | or | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_47.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_47.png|none|520px]] | ||
In addition, since A=jB, we can simplify this expression as follows: | In addition, since A=jB, we can simplify this expression as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_48.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_48.png|none|680px]] | ||
Thus the power spectral density of <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s=nf_c/4,f_c\right)</math> is shown to be in the odd case: | Thus the power spectral density of <math>BOC_{cos}\left(f_s=nf_c/4,f_c\right)</math> is shown to be in the odd case: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_49.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_49.png|none|630px]] | ||
Line 243: | Line 242: | ||
and since <math>n=4f_s/f_c</math>, we can also express it as follows: | and since <math>n=4f_s/f_c</math>, we can also express it as follows: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_50.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_50.png|none|630px]] | ||
As a conclusion, the normalized power spectral density of the cosine-phased BOC modulation is shown to be for n even: | As a conclusion, the normalized power spectral density of the cosine-phased BOC modulation is shown to be for n even: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_51.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_51.png|none|630px]] | ||
and for n odd, | and for n odd, | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_52.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_52.png|none|620px]] | ||
Now that we have derived the expressions of the power spectral density of the sine and cosine-phased BOC modulations, it is interesting to note the following relationship: | Now that we have derived the expressions of the power spectral density of the sine and cosine-phased BOC modulations, it is interesting to note the following relationship: | ||
::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_53.png|none| | ::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Eq_53.png|none|760px]] | ||
Line 263: | Line 262: | ||
::::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Fig_1.png|none|thumb| | ::::[[File:PSD_COSBOC_Fig_1.png|none|thumb|440px|'''''Figure 1:''''' Power Spectral Density of Sine-phased, Cosine-phased and Inverse Tangent Function of BOC(10,5).]] | ||
[[Category:Fundamentals]] | [[Category:Fundamentals]] | ||
[[Category:GNSS Signals]] | [[Category:GNSS Signals]] |
Revision as of 10:55, 18 November 2011
Fundamentals | |
---|---|
Title | Power Spectral Density of Cosine-phased BOC signals |
Author(s) | J.A Ávila Rodríguez, University FAF Munich, Germany. |
Level | Advanced |
Year of Publication | 2011 |
The Power Spectral Density of the even cosine-phased BOC is:
or equivalently,
where [math]\displaystyle{ n \in \left \{4,8,12,16 \right \} }[/math]. In order to use the results obtained in the previous Appendixes, we will expand the modulation term [math]\displaystyle{ G_{Mod,\epsilon}^{BOC_{cos}\left(nf_c/4,f_c\right)}\left \{ f \right \} }[/math] in the brackets using the Euler´s formula:
According to this, [math]\displaystyle{ G_{Mod,\epsilon}^{BOC_{cos}\left(nf_c/4,f_c\right)}\left \{ f \right \} }[/math] can be expressed as follows:
or equivalently,
what can also be expressed as:
Decomposing the different terms of the sum, we have:
where,
As we can observe, [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_1^-\left(A\right)=\Phi_1^+\left(-A\right) }[/math] remaining this identity true also for the other two summands [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_2^-\left(A\right) }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_3^-\left(A\right) }[/math]. Furthermore, if we look in detail at (9), we can see that it can be simplified again using the methodology of previous Appendixes. Indeed,
what can also be expressed as follows:
It must be noted, that according to the definition of the BOC modulation in cosine phasing as a BCS signal, [math]\displaystyle{ n \in \left \{4,8,12,\cdots \right \} }[/math] and the term [math]\displaystyle{ \left(-1\right)^{n/2+1} }[/math] can be further simplified since will always be odd. In the same manner:
and consequently,
Furthermore, [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_2\left(A\right) }[/math] is shown to simplify to:
or equivalently,
For the third sum term, namely [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_3\left(A\right) }[/math]we have to solve first the following intermediate problem:
To do so, we define the following auxiliary function:
Since n/2 is even, we can further simplify the expression above as follows:
being the derivative of [math]\displaystyle{ f\left(A\right) }[/math] the function [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_3^+\left(A\right) }[/math] as shown next:
In an analogue way, substituting A by -A in (19) we can see that
and therefore,
what can be further simplified according to:
Now that we have calculated all the sum terms [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_1\left(A\right) }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_2\left(A\right) }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_3\left(A\right) }[/math], we can have a simplified expression for the modulating term of the power spectral density of the cosine-phased BOC modulation. In fact,
If we further develop it, we obtain:
or equivalently,
Finally, since A=jB, we can simplify this expression as follows:
so that the power spectral density of [math]\displaystyle{ BOC_{cos}\left(f_s=nf_c/4,f_c\right) }[/math] is shown to be:
Finally since [math]\displaystyle{ n=4f_s/f_c }[/math], it is trivial to see that the expression of the Power Spectral Density of an arbitrary cosine-phased BOC reduces in the even case to:
Once we have obtained the expression for the even BOC modulation in cosine phasing, we calculate its odd counterpart next.
For the case of the odd BOC modulation in cosine phasing, we have to derive a general expression for any n. As done in previous chapters, we will generalize over n. As in (2), the general expression for the odd case will be:
We begin with , where [math]\displaystyle{ BOC_{cos}\left(f_s,f_c\right)= BOC_{cos}\left(f_c,f_c\right) }[/math] can also be expressed as BCS([+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1], [math]\displaystyle{ f_c }[/math]), being the generation matrix as follows:
In this case, the modulating term will adopt the following form,
while
In the same manner, for , [math]\displaystyle{ BOC_{cos}\left(f_s,f_c\right)= BOC_{cos}\left(2f_c,f_c\right) }[/math] what can also be defined in the general form as BCS([+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1,-1], [math]\displaystyle{ f_c }[/math]). Thus
if we continue by induction we can see that the expression for any n adopts the form:
with [math]\displaystyle{ n \in \left \{6,10,14,18\cdots \right \} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ n=2f_s/f_c }[/math]. Again, the modulating factor can be expressed as:
with
which is indeed the same expression we obtained in (7). However, since n is now twice an odd number, the results will vary slightly. Indeed it can be shown that:
since [math]\displaystyle{ n \in \left \{6,10,14,18,\cdots \right \} }[/math] and will always be even. Thus we can simplify (37) as follows:
Therefore:
We can proceed in a similar way with [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_2\left(A\right) }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_3\left(A\right) }[/math]. To do so, we will use the already derived expressions for the even case and take into account that this time [math]\displaystyle{ n \in \left \{6,10,14,18,\cdots \right \} }[/math]. According to this,
which can be further simplified to:
Similarly, to calculate now [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_3\left(A\right) }[/math] we will make use of the function [math]\displaystyle{ f\left(A\right) }[/math] defined above. Nevertheless, since now n/2 is always odd, the expression simplifies as follows:
and thus, for the odd case [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi_3\left(A\right) }[/math] is shown to be:
Once we have calculated all the sum terms, it is time to obtain the expression for the modulating term of the power spectral density of the odd cosine-phased BOC modulation:
or equivalently:
The modulation term can also be expressed as follows:
or
In addition, since A=jB, we can simplify this expression as follows:
Thus the power spectral density of [math]\displaystyle{ BOC_{cos}\left(f_s=nf_c/4,f_c\right) }[/math] is shown to be in the odd case:
and since [math]\displaystyle{ n=4f_s/f_c }[/math], we can also express it as follows:
As a conclusion, the normalized power spectral density of the cosine-phased BOC modulation is shown to be for n even:
and for n odd,
Now that we have derived the expressions of the power spectral density of the sine and cosine-phased BOC modulations, it is interesting to note the following relationship:
that allows us to go from the sine-phased expression to the other one. We show in the next figure the sine-phased BOC modulation together with its cosine-phased counterpart and the inverse tangent term of the expression above that relates both. For simplicity a sub-carrier frequency fs of 1.023 MHz and a carrier frequency fc of 1.023 MHz were assumed.