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{{Article Infobox2
{{Article Infobox2
|Category=Other SBAS
|Category=Other SBAS
|Title={{PAGENAME}}
|Authors=GMV
|Authors=GMV
|Level=Basic
|Level=Basic
|YearOfPublication=2011
|YearOfPublication=2011
|Logo=GMV
|Logo=GMV
|Title={{PAGENAME}}
}}
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The GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN) is the SBAS implementation by the Indian government.  
The GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN) is the SBAS implementation by the Indian government.  


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#Final Operational phase (FOP).
#Final Operational phase (FOP).


The TDS phase was completed in August 2007 using the navigation payload of the INMARSAT 4F1 satellite. The Initial Experimental Phase (IEP), planned to be finished by 2009, is still under implementation due to a series of delays. The first GAGAN navigation payload was integrated into the GSAT-4 geostationary satellite. GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it failed to reach orbit.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/article398070.ece ''India’s own cryogenic rocket launch fails'']The Hindu news, 15th April 2010.</ref>
The TDS phase was completed in August 2007 using the navigation payload of the INMARSAT 4F1 satellite. The Initial Experimental Phase (IEP), planned to be finished by 2009, is still under implementation due to a series of delays.
 
On 15 April 2010, it was attempted to launch the first GAGAN navigation payload. The equipment was installed in the satellite, GSAT-4, but, unfortunately, the launch failed and the GEO satellites never reached its nominal orbit.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/article398070.ece ''India’s own cryogenic rocket launch fails'']The Hindu news, 15th April 2010.</ref>


==GAGAN Architecture==
==GAGAN Architecture==
Line 44: Line 45:


The [[SBAS Fundamentals|performance objectives]] of the Final Operational Phase of the GAGAN system are:<ref name=GAGAN_SIS_TEST/>
The [[SBAS Fundamentals|performance objectives]] of the Final Operational Phase of the GAGAN system are:<ref name=GAGAN_SIS_TEST/>
*RNP 0.1 en route navigation in India Fligh Information Region (FIR).
*RNP 0.1 en route navigation in India Flight Information Region (FIR).
*APV-2 over the land masses in India FIR.
*APV-2 over the land masses in India FIR.


==Ionospheric issues==
==Ionospheric issues==


One of the main concerns about an SBAS implementation in India is the [[Ionospheric Delay|ionospheric]] behavior at these latitudes.  The ionosphere near the geomagnetic equator has physical process and features that rarely affect mid-latitudes.  These include the Appleton geomagnetic anomaly, plasma bubbles, and scintillations. India falls in the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly belt.
One of the main concerns about an SBAS implementation in India is the [[Ionospheric Delay|ionospheric]] behavior at these latitudes, as India is located in the equatorial ionospheric anomaly belt.  The ionosphere near the geomagnetic equator has physical process and features that rarely affect mid-latitudes.  These include the Appleton geomagnetic anomaly, plasma bubbles, and scintillations.


Current SBAS in the mid magnetic latitudes provide a precision guidance for the single frequency users. The ionosphere equatorial anomaly and the ionospheric phenomena typically found at equatorial latitudes, produce large spatial gradients and temporal gradients in the [[Ionospheric Delay|ionospheric delay]].  This significantly challenges SBAS approaches for precision guidance at low magnetic latitudes. The macroscopic effects (equatorial anomaly) are not well approximated with the 5 x 5 degree grid thin shell model specified in the current [[SBAS Standards]]. Also, the microscopic phenomena (plasma bubbles) cause sharp gradients during a short period of time (less than 5 minutes). If these small scale features are not observed or alerted by the SBAS system, it would make difficult to ensure integrity compatible with the precision approach alert limits. Finally, the scintillation environment at equatorial latitudes could cause problems for the user and reference receiver. All these problems are under study by several groups and different approaches for an SBAS implementation in equatorial magnetic regions have been presented.<ref >Doherty, Patricia et al., "Ionospheric Effects on Low-Latitude Space Based Augmentation Systems", proceedings of ION GPS, Portland, OR, September 2002. </ref><ref > Lejeune, R. et al., "Adequacy of the SBAS Ionospheric Grid Concept for Precision Approach in the Equatorial Region", proceedings of ION GPS, Portland, OR, September 2002. </ref><ref> Wu, S. et al., "A Single Frequency Approach to Mitigation of Ionospheric Depletion Events for SBAS in Equatorial Regions", ION GNSS 2006.</ref><ref> Cormier, D., et al., "Providing Precision Approach SBAS Service and Integrity in Equatorial Regions," Proceedings ION GPS/GNSS 2003, Portland, OR, September 2003. </ref><ref> Shukla, A.K., et al,‘’Two-Shell Ionospheric Model for Indian Region: A Novel Approach’’ IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,  Aug. 2009 Volume: 47 Issue:8,Pages 2407 – 2412</ref>
Free from adverse ionospheric effects, current SBAS in the mid magnetic latitudes provide vertical guidance for the single frequency users. The ionosphere equatorial anomaly and the ionospheric phenomena typically found at equatorial latitudes, produce large spatial gradients and temporal gradients in the [[Ionospheric Delay|ionospheric delay]].  This significantly challenges SBAS to meet the stringent requirements associated to precision guidance. The macroscopic effects (equatorial anomaly) are not well approximated with the 5 x 5 degree grid thin shell model specified in the current [[SBAS Standards]]. Also, the microscopic phenomena (plasma bubbles) cause sharp gradients during a short period of time (less than 5 minutes). If these small scale features are not observed or alerted by the SBAS system, it would make difficult to ensure integrity compatible with the precision approach alert limits. Finally, the user equipment and the reference stations of the SBAS system might suffer from tracking and noise problems because of scintillation, which is a particularly likely problem in equatorial latitudes depending on the season and day time. All these problems are under study by several groups and different approaches for an SBAS implementation in equatorial magnetic regions have been presented.<ref >Doherty, Patricia et al., "Ionospheric Effects on Low-Latitude Space Based Augmentation Systems", proceedings of ION GPS, Portland, OR, September 2002. </ref><ref > Lejeune, R. et al., "Adequacy of the SBAS Ionospheric Grid Concept for Precision Approach in the Equatorial Region", proceedings of ION GPS, Portland, OR, September 2002. </ref><ref> Wu, S. et al., "A Single Frequency Approach to Mitigation of Ionospheric Depletion Events for SBAS in Equatorial Regions", ION GNSS 2006.</ref><ref> Cormier, D., et al., "Providing Precision Approach SBAS Service and Integrity in Equatorial Regions," Proceedings ION GPS/GNSS 2003, Portland, OR, September 2003. </ref><ref> Shukla, A.K., et al,‘’Two-Shell Ionospheric Model for Indian Region: A Novel Approach’’ IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,  Aug. 2009 Volume: 47 Issue:8,Pages 2407 – 2412</ref>


The approach followed in the GAGAN system is to cope with some of these phenomena at the user receiver level.<ref name=GAGAN_SIS_TEST/>
The approach followed in the GAGAN system is to cope with some of these phenomena at the user receiver level.<ref name=GAGAN_SIS_TEST/>

Revision as of 12:14, 3 December 2011


Other SBASOther SBAS
Title GAGAN
Author(s) GMV
Level Basic
Year of Publication 2011
Logo GMV.png

The GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN) is the SBAS implementation by the Indian government.

GAGAN Introduction

ISRO logo

In August 2001 the Airports Authority of India and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) reached an agreement for the establishment of the GAGAN system.[1]

The development plan consists of three different phases:[2]

  1. Technology Demonstration System (TDS).
  2. Initial Experimental Phase (IEP).
  3. Final Operational phase (FOP).

The TDS phase was completed in August 2007 using the navigation payload of the INMARSAT 4F1 satellite. The Initial Experimental Phase (IEP), planned to be finished by 2009, is still under implementation due to a series of delays.

On 15 April 2010, it was attempted to launch the first GAGAN navigation payload. The equipment was installed in the satellite, GSAT-4, but, unfortunately, the launch failed and the GEO satellites never reached its nominal orbit.[3]

GAGAN Architecture

  • GAGAN overview.[4]

    GAGAN overview.[4]

The main components of the GAGAN Architecture are:[2]

  • Space segment: three operational GEO satellites, GSAT-8, GSAT-9 and GSAT-10 satellites.[5][6] The GSAT-8 satellites was successfully launched in March 2011.[5]
  • Ground segment: On the ground, the GPS data is received and processed in the 8 Indian Reference Stations (INRES), located at Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram, Kolkata, Guwahati, Port Blair and Jammu.[2] The Indian Master Control Center (INMCC), located at Bangalore, processes the data from the INRESs to compute the differential corrections and the estimate of its level of integrity. The SBAS message generated by the INMCC is uplinked to the GEO satellite through its corresponding Indian Land Uplink Station (INLUS).[7] In its operational configuration, GAGAN will have 15 INRES, two INMCC, and three INLUS. The additional INRES will be located in Indore, Bhuj, Amritsar, Chennai, Nagpur, Lucknow and Visakhapatnam.[8]
  • User segment: GAGAN-enabled GPS receivers, with the same technology as WAAS Receivers, capable to use the GAGAN Signal-in-Space (SIS). User equipment for civil aviation shall be certified against several standards (see article SBAS Standards).

The company Raytheon was awarded in 2009 of the contract to build the complete GAGAN system.[9]


GAGAN Signals and Performances

The GAGAN GEO satellites will broadcast SBAS navigation data using L1 and L5 signals, with Global Positioning System (GPS) type modulation.[4] The specification of the SBAS message data format is contained in the ICAO SARPS Appendix B for the aspects related with the signal in space, as well as in the RTCA MOPS DO-229D for the minimum performance requirements applicable to the airborne SBAS receiver equipment. The format of the messages is thoroughly explained in the article The EGNOS SBAS Message Format Explained. (See the article SBAS Fundamentals for more information.)

The performance objectives of the Final Operational Phase of the GAGAN system are:[8]

  • RNP 0.1 en route navigation in India Flight Information Region (FIR).
  • APV-2 over the land masses in India FIR.

Ionospheric issues

One of the main concerns about an SBAS implementation in India is the ionospheric behavior at these latitudes, as India is located in the equatorial ionospheric anomaly belt. The ionosphere near the geomagnetic equator has physical process and features that rarely affect mid-latitudes. These include the Appleton geomagnetic anomaly, plasma bubbles, and scintillations.

Free from adverse ionospheric effects, current SBAS in the mid magnetic latitudes provide vertical guidance for the single frequency users. The ionosphere equatorial anomaly and the ionospheric phenomena typically found at equatorial latitudes, produce large spatial gradients and temporal gradients in the ionospheric delay. This significantly challenges SBAS to meet the stringent requirements associated to precision guidance. The macroscopic effects (equatorial anomaly) are not well approximated with the 5 x 5 degree grid thin shell model specified in the current SBAS Standards. Also, the microscopic phenomena (plasma bubbles) cause sharp gradients during a short period of time (less than 5 minutes). If these small scale features are not observed or alerted by the SBAS system, it would make difficult to ensure integrity compatible with the precision approach alert limits. Finally, the user equipment and the reference stations of the SBAS system might suffer from tracking and noise problems because of scintillation, which is a particularly likely problem in equatorial latitudes depending on the season and day time. All these problems are under study by several groups and different approaches for an SBAS implementation in equatorial magnetic regions have been presented.[10][11][12][13][14]

The approach followed in the GAGAN system is to cope with some of these phenomena at the user receiver level.[8]

Notes


References

  1. ^ Grewal et al., Global positioning systems, inertial navigation, and integration, Wiley-Interscience, 2007
  2. ^ a b c IRNSS and GAGAN status Presentation COSPAR Meeting, Montreal, July 2008
  3. ^ India’s own cryogenic rocket launch failsThe Hindu news, 15th April 2010.
  4. ^ a b GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation on Wikipedia
  5. ^ a b India’s GSAT-8 satellite to help GAGAN, Geospatial World
  6. ^ Future Programme, Indian Space Research Organization
  7. ^ GAGAN: The Satellite Based Navigation System, India Current Affairs, August 10, 2010
  8. ^ a b c A S Ganeshan (ISRO), GAGAN Signal In Space – Testing & Utilisation, August 5-7, 2009
  9. ^ ISRO Extends Raytheon Contract for GAGAN GPS Augmentation System Inside GNSS News July 2009
  10. ^ Doherty, Patricia et al., "Ionospheric Effects on Low-Latitude Space Based Augmentation Systems", proceedings of ION GPS, Portland, OR, September 2002.
  11. ^ Lejeune, R. et al., "Adequacy of the SBAS Ionospheric Grid Concept for Precision Approach in the Equatorial Region", proceedings of ION GPS, Portland, OR, September 2002.
  12. ^ Wu, S. et al., "A Single Frequency Approach to Mitigation of Ionospheric Depletion Events for SBAS in Equatorial Regions", ION GNSS 2006.
  13. ^ Cormier, D., et al., "Providing Precision Approach SBAS Service and Integrity in Equatorial Regions," Proceedings ION GPS/GNSS 2003, Portland, OR, September 2003.
  14. ^ Shukla, A.K., et al,‘’Two-Shell Ionospheric Model for Indian Region: A Novel Approach’’ IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Aug. 2009 Volume: 47 Issue:8,Pages 2407 – 2412
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