Emergency Services

Applications
Title	Emergency Services
Author(s)	GMV
Level	Basic
Year of Publication	2011

In automobile crashes, one of the most important factors in saving lives is a prompt response from emergency medical services. By improving information transfer between the trauma care physician and emergency medical service personnel they result in faster, more appropriate care, thus saving lives and reducing disabilities resulting from crashes. Traffic incident and emergency management is the planned and coordinated program process to detect, respond to and remove traffic incidents and restore traffic capacity as safely and quickly as possible

The use of GNSS for emergency services and incident management can make the response to emergency situations much faster and efficient saving lives. The precise location of vehicle can be sent to rescue authorities and can use the emergency and rescue vehicle fleet management system to assign the most adequate vehicle to respond to the incident.

Application Architecture

GNSS emergency services results on the combination of the existing emergency services with GNSS positioning technologies. In technical terms such systems rely on device similar to a vehicle tracker (a GNSS receiver with cellular communications capabilities) with some kind of human-machine interface that would allow to trigger emergency or distress calls or messages. These devices can be specific for emergency services or can take advantage and be integrated with of other GNSS systems on the vehicle such navigation systems, fleet management systems or tolling systems. Also these systems can be integrated with vehicle sensors such as crash sensors, roll-over sensors or airbag activation sensors. The data coming from these sensors can be used to trigger automatically emergency assistance requests.

The human-machine interface can be as simple a distress button on the dashboard or can be integrated in the interface of other in-car systems. The emergency call system is usually integrated with an hands-free cellular communication system or even a video call system to allow the communication between the occupants of the vehicle and the emergency services providers.

GNSS emergency services can operate in two modes:

• Manual - The emergency call is triggered by the occupants of the vehicle in distress or by witnesses by pressing a distress button or using other user interface in the vehicle.
• Automatic - The emergency call is triggered automatically if a severe impact in an accident is detected by the sensors on the car.

Having received the emergency call, the emergency responder will try to assess the severity of the emergency using the communication with the person that triggered the request, car sensor information provided by the system and other available means (such as road side cameras). Having the information about the position of the vehicle and an assessment of the severity of the emergency, the emergency responder will use the emergency and rescue vehicles fleet management system to assign the most adequate vehicle to respond to the emergency.

The position of the distress vehicle can be sent automatically to the response vehicle using the fleet management system and provided to the response vehicle navigation system. The navigation system of the response vehicle can use dynamic traffic information to determine the fastest route and provide route and position information to a traffic control center allowing traffic lights to be controlled to speed the arrival of the emergency vehicle enabling it to reach its destination much faster. The integration with traffic management and traffic information systems

Application Characterization

These in-vehicle emergency call systems allow the emergency services to remotely locate vehicles in a difficult situation, resulting from a collision or other distress situations. Also these can have wider use than emergencies due to car accident and can be used in other distress situation such as car jacking or car theft. These systems can be used to increase the security of taxi and bus drivers. Simply pressing a distress button in the event of an attack will immediately alert the police indicating the position of the vehicle.

Application Examples

The generalization and standardization location-enabled emergency services including in-car emergency services has been promoted by the authorities. The initiatives in this area are:

• Enhanced 911 - Enhanced 911 is the modernization iniciative of North America's 911 emergency number where telecomunication operators must provide the calller location to the safety authorities. For wired phones this is done using databases. For wireless phones this is done either using cellular network localization or GNSS (using GNSS enabled phones).
• E112 - E112 is a location-enhanced version of 112 (the European emergency number). The EU Directive E112 (2003) requires mobile phone networks to provide emergency services with whatever information they have about the location a mobile call was made. This directive is based on Enhanced 911.
• eCall - European Comission project intended to bring rapid assistance to motorists involved in a collision anywhere in the European Union. Along with the emergency call a Minimum Set of Data (MSD) is sent to the safety authorities that contains information about the vehicle and the location of the vehicle obtained by GNSS.