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{{Article Infobox2 | {{Article Infobox2 | ||
|Category=Applications | |Category=Applications | ||
|Authors=Rui Barradas Pereira. | |Authors=Rui Barradas Pereira. | ||
|Level=Basic | |Level=Basic | ||
| Line 8: | Line 7: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The popularity of applications such as Google Earth and Google Maps and the possibility of posting georeferenced pictures lead to the need geocoding | The popularity of applications, such as Google Earth and Google Maps, and the possibility of posting georeferenced pictures lead to the need of geocoding photos. A geocoded photo has the location of the photographer embedded in the files. This information includes at least latitude and longitude but might include also altitude and the bearing of the camera<ref name="Geo_photo">[[Wikipedia:Geotagged photograph|Geotagged photograph in Wikipedia]]</ref>. | ||
The most | The most practical way of geocoding photos is by doing it automatically on the camera if the camera has an embedded GNSS receiver or can be connected to an add-on GNSS receiver. GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone|mobile phones]] usually geotag photos automatically<ref name="Geo_Safety">[https://dmna.ny.gov/members/geotagging.pdf Geotags and Location-Based Social Networking], US Army</ref>. | ||
== Application Architecture == | == Application Architecture == | ||
[[File:Camera GPS.jpg|right|thumb|350px|GNSS-enabled camera]] | |||
Photography geocoding depends normally on GNSS-enabled camera or [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone|mobile phone]]. | Photography geocoding depends normally on GNSS-enabled camera or [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone|mobile phone]]. | ||
Geocoding can be done in the following ways<ref name="Geo_photo"/>: | Geocoding can be done in the following ways<ref name="Geo_photo"/>: | ||
* Automatic with | * Automatic with embedded GNSS receiver: The GNSS receiver is embedded in the camera and when a photo is taken the photo is tagged with the position information coming from the receiver. | ||
* Automatic with connected GNSS receiver: The GNSS receiver is | * Automatic with connected GNSS receiver: The GNSS receiver is connected to the camera either by a wired or a Bluetooth connection and when a photo is taken the photo is tagged with the position information coming from the receiver. | ||
* Synchronizing with GNSS logger: The photographer carries with him GNSS logger that logs the position at regular intervals and the photo is tagged offline by comparing the photo timestamp with the GNSS logger timestamps and position | * Synchronizing with GNSS logger: The photographer carries with him GNSS logger that logs the position at regular intervals and the photo is tagged offline by comparing the photo timestamp with the GNSS logger timestamps and position. | ||
* Manual Geocoding: The photo coordinates are determined offline | * Manual Geocoding: The photo coordinates are determined offline through a mapping software where the user marks the location where the photo was taken. | ||
These applications are considered non-critical applications. | These applications are considered non-critical applications. | ||
The | The accuracy required by these applications is low, being the current accuracy provided by civilian GPS enough. | ||
== Privacy Issues == | == Privacy Issues == | ||
As with social networking, photo geocoding has privacy issues to be considered. GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone|mobile phones]] | As with [[Social Networking|social networking]], photo geocoding has privacy issues to be considered. GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone|mobile phones]] automatically geocode pictures by default. Usually most users are not aware that location is being embedded in all photos taken and that this will be visible when they post photos in photo-sharing sites or social networks<ref name="Geo_Safety"/>. | ||
== Application Examples == | == Application Examples == | ||
Despite the low price of GNSS chipsets only a few cameras have built-in GNSS capabilities, such as <ref name="snapsort">[http://snapsort.com/ snapsort.com]</ref><ref group="footnotes">This list is not exhaustive and was compiled in May 2014</ref>: | |||
* Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX400V | |||
* | * Samsung Galaxy Camera 2 | ||
* | * Nikon Coolpix S9700 | ||
* | * Panasonic Lumix ZS40 | ||
* | * Olympus Stylus Tough TG-3 | ||
* Canon PowerShot D30 | |||
* Pentax WG-4 | |||
Some other cameras support GNSS positioning as an option such as<ref name="snapsort"/><ref group="footnotes">This list is not exhaustive and was compiled in May 2014</ref>: | |||
* Pentax Optio WG-3 GPS | |||
Most GNSS-enabled phones geocode photos by default. | |||
Examples of photo sharing sites that used geocoded data are <ref name="Geo_photo"/>: | |||
* [http://www.flickr.com/ Flickr]: Photo sharing site that supports geocoding. | |||
* [http://www.panoramio.com/ Panoramio]: Geolocation-oriented photo sharing website. | |||
* [http://moblog.net/home/ moblog]: Mobile photo blog that supports geocoding. | |||
* [http://www.google.com/earth/ Google Earth] and [http://www.google.com/maps/ Google Maps]: Geocoded photos can be accessed as a layer in Google Earth and Google Maps. | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
<references group=" | <references group="footnotes" /> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 17:08, 16 May 2014
| Applications | |
|---|---|
| Title | Photography Geocoding |
| Author(s) | Rui Barradas Pereira. |
| Level | Basic |
| Year of Publication | 2011 |
The popularity of applications, such as Google Earth and Google Maps, and the possibility of posting georeferenced pictures lead to the need of geocoding photos. A geocoded photo has the location of the photographer embedded in the files. This information includes at least latitude and longitude but might include also altitude and the bearing of the camera[1].
The most practical way of geocoding photos is by doing it automatically on the camera if the camera has an embedded GNSS receiver or can be connected to an add-on GNSS receiver. GNSS-enabled mobile phones usually geotag photos automatically[2].
Application Architecture
Photography geocoding depends normally on GNSS-enabled camera or mobile phone.
Geocoding can be done in the following ways[1]:
- Automatic with embedded GNSS receiver: The GNSS receiver is embedded in the camera and when a photo is taken the photo is tagged with the position information coming from the receiver.
- Automatic with connected GNSS receiver: The GNSS receiver is connected to the camera either by a wired or a Bluetooth connection and when a photo is taken the photo is tagged with the position information coming from the receiver.
- Synchronizing with GNSS logger: The photographer carries with him GNSS logger that logs the position at regular intervals and the photo is tagged offline by comparing the photo timestamp with the GNSS logger timestamps and position.
- Manual Geocoding: The photo coordinates are determined offline through a mapping software where the user marks the location where the photo was taken.
These applications are considered non-critical applications.
The accuracy required by these applications is low, being the current accuracy provided by civilian GPS enough.
Privacy Issues
As with social networking, photo geocoding has privacy issues to be considered. GNSS-enabled mobile phones automatically geocode pictures by default. Usually most users are not aware that location is being embedded in all photos taken and that this will be visible when they post photos in photo-sharing sites or social networks[2].
Application Examples
Despite the low price of GNSS chipsets only a few cameras have built-in GNSS capabilities, such as [3][footnotes 1]:
- Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX400V
- Samsung Galaxy Camera 2
- Nikon Coolpix S9700
- Panasonic Lumix ZS40
- Olympus Stylus Tough TG-3
- Canon PowerShot D30
- Pentax WG-4
Some other cameras support GNSS positioning as an option such as[3][footnotes 2]:
- Pentax Optio WG-3 GPS
Most GNSS-enabled phones geocode photos by default.
Examples of photo sharing sites that used geocoded data are [1]:
- Flickr: Photo sharing site that supports geocoding.
- Panoramio: Geolocation-oriented photo sharing website.
- moblog: Mobile photo blog that supports geocoding.
- Google Earth and Google Maps: Geocoded photos can be accessed as a layer in Google Earth and Google Maps.
Notes
References
- ^ a b c Geotagged photograph in Wikipedia
- ^ a b Geotags and Location-Based Social Networking, US Army
- ^ a b snapsort.com