Rail Traffic Management and Signaling - Revision history

Claudia.Prajanu at 20:52, 9 September 2018

2018-09-09T20:52:32Z

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	Train control systems poses high demands on positioning with respect to availability, reliability and integrity. These requirements can only be fulfilled by means of integrated positioning systems, which combine GNSS with other sensors.		Train control systems poses high demands on positioning with respect to availability, reliability and integrity. These requirements can only be fulfilled by means of integrated positioning systems, which combine GNSS with other sensors.
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	== Application Examples ==		== Application Examples ==

	In Europe, projects such as GADEROS (Galileo Demonstrator for Railway Operation System), RUNE (Railway User Navigation Equipment), INTEGRAIL and most recently ~~[http://www.grail-project.com~~ GRAIL] were each aimed at supporting the introduction of GNSS in the railway sector (particularly in rail safety applications).<ref name="p1" />		In Europe, projects such as GADEROS (Galileo Demonstrator for Railway Operation System), RUNE (Railway User Navigation Equipment), INTEGRAIL and most recently GRAIL were each aimed at supporting the introduction of GNSS in the railway sector (particularly in rail safety applications).<ref name="p1" />

	* '''INTEGRAIL''' system: The aim of INTEGRAIL system in Europe is to open the way for profitable use of the [[EGNOS General Introduction\|EGNOS]] signal in safety-critical railway traffic management and control, achieving significant improvements for the rail traffic operator with respect to cost, redundancy and reliability of the present train speed measurement systems, by adding satellite navigation information and the integrity information offered by EGNOS. The INTEGRAIL system is able to provide reliable position and integrity information under varying operational conditions.<ref name="integrail" >[http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEM22ZW4QWD_index_0.html ESA Portal], INTEGRAIL System</ref>		* '''INTEGRAIL''' system: The aim of INTEGRAIL system in Europe is to open the way for profitable use of the [[EGNOS General Introduction\|EGNOS]] signal in safety-critical railway traffic management and control, achieving significant improvements for the rail traffic operator with respect to cost, redundancy and reliability of the present train speed measurement systems, by adding satellite navigation information and the integrity information offered by EGNOS. The INTEGRAIL system is able to provide reliable position and integrity information under varying operational conditions.<ref name="integrail" >[http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEM22ZW4QWD_index_0.html ESA Portal], INTEGRAIL System</ref>
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	* '''ECORAIL''' system: The aim is to design and test a positioning system that is based on satellite navigation in a safety critical railway application.<ref name="ecorail" >[http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMHDCM26WD_index_0.html ESA Portal], ECORAIL System</ref>		* '''ECORAIL''' system: The aim is to design and test a positioning system that is based on satellite navigation in a safety critical railway application.<ref name="ecorail" >[http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMHDCM26WD_index_0.html ESA Portal], ECORAIL System</ref>

	* '''GRAIL''' system: The objective is to support the introduction of GNSS in the Rail market, with a special emphasis on ERTMS/ETCS.<ref name="grail">~~[http://www.grail-project.com~~ GSA, Satellite Navigation for railways], GNSS Introduction in the RAIL sector (GRAIL)</ref>		* '''GRAIL''' system: The objective is to support the introduction of GNSS in the Rail market, with a special emphasis on ERTMS/ETCS.<ref name="grail"> GSA, Satellite Navigation for railways, GNSS Introduction in the RAIL sector (GRAIL)</ref>

Filipe.Pelica: Included editor logo.

2014-09-18T16:50:17Z

Included editor logo.

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Filipe.Pelica: fixed broken link.

2014-09-09T12:51:44Z

fixed broken link.

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	These systems also issue movement authorities to train and maintenance-of-way crews, track the location of the trains and maintenance-of-way vehicles, have the ability to automatically enforce movement authorities, and continually update operating data systems with information on the location of trains, locomotives, cars, and crews.		These systems also issue movement authorities to train and maintenance-of-way crews, track the location of the trains and maintenance-of-way vehicles, have the ability to automatically enforce movement authorities, and continually update operating data systems with information on the location of trains, locomotives, cars, and crews.

	In addition to providing a greater level of safety and security, PTC systems also enable a railroad to run scheduled operations and provide improved running time, greater running time reliability, higher asset utilization, and greater track capacity. They will assist railroads in measuring and managing costs and in improving energy efficiency.<ref name="fra" >[~~http~~://www.fra.dot.gov/~~pages~~/~~784.shtml~~ Federal Railroad Administration], Positive Train Control (PTC)</ref>		In addition to providing a greater level of safety and security, PTC systems also enable a railroad to run scheduled operations and provide improved running time, greater running time reliability, higher asset utilization, and greater track capacity. They will assist railroads in measuring and managing costs and in improving energy efficiency.<ref name="fra" >[https://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0152 Federal Railroad Administration], Positive Train Control (PTC)</ref>

	In the future, GNSS will be integrated in vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems in order to warn trains and cars of potential collisions at railroad crossings. <ref name="gpsgov" />		In the future, GNSS will be integrated in vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems in order to warn trains and cars of potential collisions at railroad crossings. <ref name="gpsgov" />

Teresa.Ferreira: /* ETCS Characterization */

2012-03-09T12:29:56Z

ETCS Characterization

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	The ETCS equipment consists of two main subsystems:		The ETCS equipment consists of two main subsystems:
	* '''On-board system''', which performs speed supervision and brake intervention.		* '''On-board system''', which performs speed supervision and brake intervention.
	* '''Radio Block Centre trackside system''', which gives permission to run within a movement ~~authority (MA).~~ authority (MA). The task of this system is to ensure that all trains in the related area are keeping the safety distance to the neighboring trains. Also the supervision of special operational procedures like joining or splitting of trains is a task of this system.		* '''Radio Block Centre trackside system''', which gives permission to run within a movement authority (MA). The task of this system is to ensure that all trains in the related area are keeping the safety distance to the neighboring trains. Also the supervision of special operational procedures like joining or splitting of trains is a task of this system.

	For lines with different capacities three application levels with different types of trackside and on-board equipment are possible.<ref name="jansen" >[http://www.daimi.au.dk/CPnets/workshop98/papers/jansen.pdf Technical Issues in Modelling the European Train Control System (ETCS) Using Coloured Petri Nets and the Design/CPN Tools], L. Jansen, M. Meyer zu Horste, E. Schnieder, Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Control and Automation Engineering, Langer Kamp 8, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany</ref>		For lines with different capacities three application levels with different types of trackside and on-board equipment are possible.<ref name="jansen" >[http://www.daimi.au.dk/CPnets/workshop98/papers/jansen.pdf Technical Issues in Modelling the European Train Control System (ETCS) Using Coloured Petri Nets and the Design/CPN Tools], L. Jansen, M. Meyer zu Horste, E. Schnieder, Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Control and Automation Engineering, Langer Kamp 8, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany</ref>

Carlos.Lopez at 10:56, 23 February 2012

2012-02-23T10:56:44Z

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	Train control systems poses high demands on positioning with respect to availability, reliability and integrity. These requirements can only be fulfilled by means of integrated positioning systems, which combine GNSS with other sensors.		Train control systems poses high demands on positioning with respect to availability, reliability and integrity. These requirements can only be fulfilled by means of integrated positioning systems, which combine GNSS with other sensors.

Timo.Kouwenhoven: Text replace - "|Level=Medium" to "|Level=Intermediate"

2011-11-06T07:46:27Z

Text replace - "|Level=Medium" to "|Level=Intermediate"

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Timo.Kouwenhoven: Text replace - "|Authors=GMV." to "|Authors=GMV"

2011-11-01T13:50:12Z

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Rui.Pereira: moved Traffic Management and Signaling to Rail Traffic Management and Signaling

2011-07-12T10:35:49Z

moved Traffic Management and Signaling to Rail Traffic Management and Signaling

← Older revision	Revision as of 10:35, 12 July 2011
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Rui.Pereira: moved Work in Progress:Traffic Management and Signaling to Traffic Management and Signaling

2011-06-30T12:51:54Z

moved Work in Progress:Traffic Management and Signaling to Traffic Management and Signaling

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:51, 30 June 2011
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Rui.Pereira at 10:43, 29 June 2011

2011-06-29T10:43:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:43, 29 June 2011
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	Train control systems poses high demands on positioning with respect to availability, reliability and integrity. These requirements can only be fulfilled by means of integrated positioning systems, which combine GNSS with other sensors.		Train control systems poses high demands on positioning with respect to availability, reliability and integrity. These requirements can only be fulfilled by means of integrated positioning systems, which combine GNSS with other sensors.

	The use of GNSS in railway systems presents many advantages, in particular the monitoring of train's exact location, logistic information management, enhanced train ~~signalling~~ (which improves safety, but also enables e.g. reduced distances between trains and therefore increased train frequencies), and the possibility to map the transport infrastructure.<ref name="p1">[http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/jotmi/v4n3/art05.pdf Inventions Utilizing Satellite Navigation Systems in the Railway Industry], An Analysis of Patenting Activity, Pekka Salmi and Marko Torkkeli, Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, October, 2009</ref>		The use of GNSS in railway systems presents many advantages, in particular the monitoring of train's exact location, logistic information management, enhanced train signaling (which improves safety, but also enables e.g. reduced distances between trains and therefore increased train frequencies), and the possibility to map the transport infrastructure.<ref name="p1">[http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/jotmi/v4n3/art05.pdf Inventions Utilizing Satellite Navigation Systems in the Railway Industry], An Analysis of Patenting Activity, Pekka Salmi and Marko Torkkeli, Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, October, 2009</ref>

	Thus, while the number of applications based on GNSS is considerably behind the number of those used in other domains, such as road transport, incorporating GNSS receivers into modern ~~signalling~~, train control and other railway systems has become common.<ref name="p1" />		Thus, while the number of applications based on GNSS is considerably behind the number of those used in other domains, such as road transport, incorporating GNSS receivers into modern signaling, train control and other railway systems has become common.<ref name="p1" />


	== Application Architecture ==		== Application Architecture ==

	Train control, ~~signalling~~, passenger traffic or transportation of dangerous goods are safety-critical applications, which show very demanding requirements in terms of availability, continuity and integrity. In order to ~~fulfil~~ these high performance demands complementary positioning sensors such as accelerometers or digital track maps and alternative communication components (e.g. GSM-R, UMTS, satcom) have to be grouped around the receiver/communication core.		Train control, signaling, passenger traffic or transportation of dangerous goods are safety-critical applications, which show very demanding requirements in terms of availability, continuity and integrity. In order to fulfill these high performance demands complementary positioning sensors such as accelerometers or digital track maps and alternative communication components (e.g. GSM-R, UMTS, satcom) have to be grouped around the receiver/communication core.

	In railway applications like train control and train supervision a GNSS receiver usually serves as a basic sensor which is enhanced by other navigation sensors and by an integrated fault tolerant sensor fusion software.<ref name="gser">[http://www.galileo-services.org/library/2.1-Bedrich.pdf GNSS-based sensor fusion for safety-critical applications in rail traffic], Galileo and EGNOS Information Catalogue, S. Bedrich1, X. Gu, 2004</ref>		In railway applications like train control and train supervision a GNSS receiver usually serves as a basic sensor which is enhanced by other navigation sensors and by an integrated fault tolerant sensor fusion software.<ref name="gser">[http://www.galileo-services.org/library/2.1-Bedrich.pdf GNSS-based sensor fusion for safety-critical applications in rail traffic], Galileo and EGNOS Information Catalogue, S. Bedrich1, X. Gu, 2004</ref>

	Traffic Management and ~~Signalling~~ systems include the ~~Signalling~~ Block systems which encompasses collision avoiding systems. Both the ETCS (European Train Control System) in Europe and the PTC (Positive Train Control) in U.S., deal with train control and signalling systems standardization in order to improve interoperability.		Traffic Management and Signaling systems include the Signaling Block systems which encompasses collision avoiding systems. Both the ETCS (European Train Control System) in Europe and the PTC (Positive Train Control) in U.S., deal with train control and signalling systems standardization in order to improve interoperability.

	The GNSS receivers for Traffic Management and ~~Signalling~~ are considered safety critical applications.		The GNSS receivers for Traffic Management and Signaling are considered safety critical applications.

	=== European Train Control System ===		=== European Train Control System ===

	The [[wikipedia:European Rail Traffic Management System\|European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS)]] is the European cross-border interoperable standard for train control, ~~signalling~~ and traffic management. This standard includes two layers that can rely on GNSS information:		The [[wikipedia:European Rail Traffic Management System\|European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS)]] is the European cross-border interoperable standard for train control, signaling and traffic management. This standard includes two layers that can rely on GNSS information:
	# '''European Train Control System''' (ETCS): Is the ~~signalling~~ element of the system which includes the control of movement authorities, automatic train protection and the interface to interlockings.<ref name="iur-ertms">[http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article381 International Union of Railways], European Rail Traffic Management System</ref>		# '''European Train Control System''' (ETCS): Is the signaling element of the system which includes the control of movement authorities, automatic train protection and the interface to interlockings.<ref name="iur-ertms">[http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article381 International Union of Railways], European Rail Traffic Management System</ref>
	::* It allows the stepwise reduction of complexity for train drivers (automation of control activities),		::* It allows the stepwise reduction of complexity for train drivers (automation of control activities),
	::* It brings track side ~~signalling~~ into the driver cabin,		::* It brings track side signaling into the driver cabin,
	::* It provides information to the onboard display,		::* It provides information to the onboard display,
	::* It allows for permanent train control,		::* It allows for permanent train control,
	::* Train driver concentrates on core tasks.		::* Train driver concentrates on core tasks.
	# '''European Traffic Management Layer''' (ETML): Is the operation management level intended to ~~optimise~~ train movements by the interpretation of timetables and train running data, involving the improvement of:<ref name="iur-ertms" />		# '''European Traffic Management Layer''' (ETML): Is the operation management level intended to optimize train movements by the interpretation of timetables and train running data, involving the improvement of:<ref name="iur-ertms" />
	::* Real-time train management and route planning,		::* Real-time train management and route planning,
	::* Rail node fluidity,		::* Rail node fluidity,
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	The [[wikipedia:European Train Control System\|European Train Control System (ETCS)]] shall replace the national train control systems in the future to ensure cross-border interoperability and improve railway safety and efficient management.		The [[wikipedia:European Train Control System\|European Train Control System (ETCS)]] shall replace the national train control systems in the future to ensure cross-border interoperability and improve railway safety and efficient management.

	The ETCS deals with control and ~~signalling~~ systems used in remote electronic braking, train diagnostics and train/wagon location monitoring, all of which are functions whose safety and accuracy could especially be improved through application of GNSS. For example, combining GNSS position data with traditional train sensor readings, such as odometry, can improve the ETCS location performance and therefore allow a safe discrimination between parallel tracks and track change at switches.<ref name="gser" />		The ETCS deals with control and signaling systems used in remote electronic braking, train diagnostics and train/wagon location monitoring, all of which are functions whose safety and accuracy could especially be improved through application of GNSS. For example, combining GNSS position data with traditional train sensor readings, such as odometry, can improve the ETCS location performance and therefore allow a safe discrimination between parallel tracks and track change at switches.<ref name="gser" />

	The availability of satellite signals as well as the geometry of available satellites can be affected by obstacles (e.g. hills, buildings, vegetation, tunnels). Since the GNSS positioning performance also depends on the environmental conditions and the required performance level, positioning availability can not always be achieved due to unavoidable shadowing of GNSS signals under typical train operation environment. Therefore, GNSS location shall not be used as sole means in a train control system. The ~~hybridisation~~ with aiding sensors is mandatory and a terrestrial augmentation of SBAS systems may be needed.<ref name="gser"/>		The availability of satellite signals as well as the geometry of available satellites can be affected by obstacles (e.g. hills, buildings, vegetation, tunnels). Since the GNSS positioning performance also depends on the environmental conditions and the required performance level, positioning availability can not always be achieved due to unavoidable shadowing of GNSS signals under typical train operation environment. Therefore, GNSS location shall not be used as sole means in a train control system. The hybridization with aiding sensors is mandatory and a terrestrial augmentation of SBAS systems may be needed.<ref name="gser"/>

	=== Positive Train Control ===		=== Positive Train Control ===
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	=== ETCS Characterization ===		=== ETCS Characterization ===

	The European Train Control System ~~fulfils~~ two main objectives:		The European Train Control System fulfills two main objectives:
	Define a communication based train control system, which is useful for both high and low speed railway services.		Define a communication based train control system, which is useful for both high and low speed railway services.
	Define a standard for a uniform ~~signalling~~ system on an MMI (Man-Machine Interface), so neither locomotives nor drivers have to be replaced when crossing borders. The textual display on the MMI can be made to comply with the driver's language.		Define a standard for a uniform signaling system on an MMI (Man-Machine Interface), so neither locomotives nor drivers have to be replaced when crossing borders. The textual display on the MMI can be made to comply with the driver's language.

	The ETCS equipment consists of two main subsystems:		The ETCS equipment consists of two main subsystems:
	* '''On-board system''', which performs speed supervision and brake intervention.		* '''On-board system''', which performs speed supervision and brake intervention.
	* '''Radio Block Centre trackside system''', which gives permission to run within a movement authority (MA). authority (MA). The task of this system is to ensure that all trains in the related area are keeping the safety distance to the ~~neighbouring~~ trains. Also the supervision of special operational procedures like joining or splitting of trains is a task of this system.		* '''Radio Block Centre trackside system''', which gives permission to run within a movement authority (MA). authority (MA). The task of this system is to ensure that all trains in the related area are keeping the safety distance to the neighboring trains. Also the supervision of special operational procedures like joining or splitting of trains is a task of this system.

	For lines with different capacities three application levels with different types of trackside and on-board equipment are possible.<ref name="jansen" >[http://www.daimi.au.dk/CPnets/workshop98/papers/jansen.pdf Technical Issues in Modelling the European Train Control System (ETCS) Using Coloured Petri Nets and the Design/CPN Tools], L. Jansen, M. Meyer zu Horste, E. Schnieder, Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Control and Automation Engineering, Langer Kamp 8, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany</ref>		For lines with different capacities three application levels with different types of trackside and on-board equipment are possible.<ref name="jansen" >[http://www.daimi.au.dk/CPnets/workshop98/papers/jansen.pdf Technical Issues in Modelling the European Train Control System (ETCS) Using Coloured Petri Nets and the Design/CPN Tools], L. Jansen, M. Meyer zu Horste, E. Schnieder, Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Control and Automation Engineering, Langer Kamp 8, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany</ref>