https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSSPrinciples of Interoperability among GNSS - Revision history2026-05-08T16:01:06ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.1https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=16710&oldid=prevGema.Cueto at 11:12, 16 April 20262026-04-16T11:12:11Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For GNSS, signal interoperability considers the following factors<ref name="hein"></ref>:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For GNSS, signal interoperability considers the following factors<ref name="hein"></ref>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Reference Systems and Frames|Reference Frames]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Reference Systems and Frames|Reference Frames]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system</del>/files/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">galileo_documents</del>/Galileo-OS-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SDD</del>.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sites/default</ins>/files/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sites/all/files</ins>/Galileo-OS-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SDD_v1.3</ins>.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the required parameters to transform the GST time to UTC as part of the Galileo navigation messages. In particular, the Galileo System provides the “Galileo to GPS Time Offset” (GGTO) as part of the navigation messages.. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In solving the set of equations, the time difference is also inherently resolved. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least one additional lie-of-sight measurement is required for solving the set of equations. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the required parameters to transform the GST time to UTC as part of the Galileo navigation messages. In particular, the Galileo System provides the “Galileo to GPS Time Offset” (GGTO) as part of the navigation messages.. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In solving the set of equations, the time difference is also inherently resolved. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least one additional lie-of-sight measurement is required for solving the set of equations. </div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14707&oldid=prevGema.Cueto at 14:17, 16 March 20202020-03-16T14:17:32Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At multilateral level, cooperation has been promoted in different contexts, such as:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At multilateral level, cooperation has been promoted in different contexts, such as:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems) that aims at promoting the use of GNSS as well as encouraging compatibility and interoperability among global and regional systems</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name="ICG">[https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html International Committe on Glonal Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) website]</ref> </ins>that aims at promoting the use of GNSS as well as encouraging compatibility and interoperability among global and regional systems</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) GIT (GNSS Implementation Team) focusing on air traffic control and aviation issues</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) GIT (GNSS Implementation Team) focusing on air traffic control and aviation issues</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Receivers==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Receivers==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As a consequence of the emergence (and modernization) of GNSS, GNSS receiver manufacturers claim tend to develop more flexible boards that are able to easily integrate any new system with minor modifications. Currently, there is a wide range of GPS/ <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">GLONASS </del>and SBAS receivers. Furthermore, many manufacturers are already selling [[GALILEO Receivers|Galileo receivers]] even if the constellation is not yet fully deployed.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As a consequence of the emergence (and modernization) of GNSS, GNSS receiver manufacturers claim tend to develop more flexible boards that are able to easily integrate any new system with minor modifications. Currently, there is a wide range of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">multi-constellation GNSS (including </ins>GPS<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, GLONASS, Galileo and</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or BeiDou) </ins>and SBAS receivers. Furthermore, many manufacturers are already selling [[GALILEO Receivers|Galileo receivers]] even if the constellation is not yet fully deployed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore there are studies showing the advantage of using a modelling language to facilitate the implementation of the navigation message decoding from different GNSS in the receivers, in-line with the respective SIS ICDs<ref>D. Gianni, J. Fuchs, P. De Simone, and M. Lisi, “A Modelling Language to Support the Interoperability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems”, GPS Solutions, Springer Verlag.</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore there are studies showing the advantage of using a modelling language to facilitate the implementation of the navigation message decoding from different GNSS in the receivers, in-line with the respective SIS ICDs<ref>D. Gianni, J. Fuchs, P. De Simone, and M. Lisi, “A Modelling Language to Support the Interoperability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems”, GPS Solutions, Springer Verlag.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14706&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Interoperability at Signal Level */2020-03-16T14:12:50Z<p><span class="autocomment">Interoperability at Signal Level</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, Galileo frequency bands have been allocated in the Radio Navigation Satellite Services part of the spectrum. The OS carrier frequencies (in particular E1 and E5a) and their modulation characteristics simplify the combined use of Galileo with other constellations (GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou). GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, Galileo frequency bands have been allocated in the Radio Navigation Satellite Services part of the spectrum. The OS carrier frequencies (in particular E1 and E5a) and their modulation characteristics simplify the combined use of Galileo with other constellations (GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou). GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Signals In Space </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Signals In Space </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aspects of the design of the Signals In Space, such as modulation, signal structure or selection of the codes that require only “software modifications” at the receiver can be considered to not affect interoperability. Furthermore, several working groups have been formed at international level in order to coordinate during the design of the signals design in order to ensure compatibility and signal interoperability. As a consequence, the military GPS-M code and the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) have signal interoperability on L1 band. In addition, QZSS <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plans to be </del>interoperable with GPS and Galileo both in L1 and E5a/L5 bands.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aspects of the design of the Signals In Space, such as modulation, signal structure or selection of the codes that require only “software modifications” at the receiver can be considered to not affect interoperability. Furthermore, several working groups have been formed at international level in order to coordinate during the design of the signals design in order to ensure compatibility and signal interoperability. As a consequence, the military GPS-M code and the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) have signal interoperability on L1 band. In addition, QZSS <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>interoperable with GPS and Galileo both in L1 and E5a/L5 bands.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==International Cooperation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==International Cooperation==</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14705&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Interoperability at Signal Level */2020-03-16T14:12:01Z<p><span class="autocomment">Interoperability at Signal Level</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the required parameters to transform the GST time to UTC as part of the Galileo navigation messages. In particular, the Galileo System provides the “Galileo to GPS Time Offset” (GGTO) as part of the navigation messages.. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In solving the set of equations, the time difference is also inherently resolved. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least one additional lie-of-sight measurement is required for solving the set of equations. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the required parameters to transform the GST time to UTC as part of the Galileo navigation messages. In particular, the Galileo System provides the “Galileo to GPS Time Offset” (GGTO) as part of the navigation messages.. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In solving the set of equations, the time difference is also inherently resolved. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least one additional lie-of-sight measurement is required for solving the set of equations. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Galileo frequency bands have been allocated in the Radio Navigation Satellite Services part of the spectrum. The OS carrier frequencies (in particular E1 and E5a) and their modulation characteristics simplify the combined use of Galileo with other constellations (GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou). </ins>GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Signals In Space </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Signals In Space </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aspects of the design of the Signals In Space, such as modulation, signal structure or selection of the codes that require only “software modifications” at the receiver can be considered to not affect interoperability. Furthermore, several working groups have been formed at international level in order to coordinate during the design of the signals design in order to ensure compatibility and signal interoperability. As a consequence, the military GPS-M code and the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) have signal interoperability on L1 band. In addition, QZSS plans to be interoperable with GPS and Galileo both in L1 and E5a/L5 bands.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aspects of the design of the Signals In Space, such as modulation, signal structure or selection of the codes that require only “software modifications” at the receiver can be considered to not affect interoperability. Furthermore, several working groups have been formed at international level in order to coordinate during the design of the signals design in order to ensure compatibility and signal interoperability. As a consequence, the military GPS-M code and the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) have signal interoperability on L1 band. In addition, QZSS plans to be interoperable with GPS and Galileo both in L1 and E5a/L5 bands.</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14704&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Interoperability at Signal Level */2020-03-16T14:11:11Z<p><span class="autocomment">Interoperability at Signal Level</span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:11, 16 March 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l32">Line 32:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system/files/galileo_documents/Galileo-OS-SDD.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system/files/galileo_documents/Galileo-OS-SDD.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the required parameters to transform the GST time to UTC as part of the Galileo navigation messages. In particular, the Galileo System provides the “Galileo to GPS Time Offset” (GGTO) as part of the navigation messages.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the service providers have agreed to broadcast the GPS/ Galileo time offset which can be used at the receiver</del>. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In solving the set of equations, the time difference is also inherently resolved. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least one additional lie-of-sight measurement is required for solving the set of equations. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the required parameters to transform the GST time to UTC as part of the Galileo navigation messages. In particular, the Galileo System provides the “Galileo to GPS Time Offset” (GGTO) as part of the navigation messages.. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In solving the set of equations, the time difference is also inherently resolved. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least one additional lie-of-sight measurement is required for solving the set of equations. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14703&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Interoperability at Signal Level */2020-03-16T14:10:17Z<p><span class="autocomment">Interoperability at Signal Level</span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:10, 16 March 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l32">Line 32:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system/files/galileo_documents/Galileo-OS-SDD.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system/files/galileo_documents/Galileo-OS-SDD.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the service providers have agreed to broadcast the GPS/ Galileo time offset which can be used at the receiver. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In this <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">context, GPS and Galileo can be considered to be interoperable</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the required parameters to transform the GST time to UTC as part of the Galileo navigation messages. In particular, the Galileo System provides the “Galileo to GPS Time Offset” (GGTO) as part of the navigation messages.</ins>the service providers have agreed to broadcast the GPS/ Galileo time offset which can be used at the receiver. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">solving the set of equations, the time difference is also inherently resolved. The disadvantage of </ins>this <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">approach is that at least one additional lie-of-sight measurement is required for solving the set of equations</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14702&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Interoperability at Signal Level */2020-03-16T13:53:33Z<p><span class="autocomment">Interoperability at Signal Level</span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:53, 16 March 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l30">Line 30:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For GNSS, signal interoperability considers the following factors<ref name="hein"></ref>:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For GNSS, signal interoperability considers the following factors<ref name="hein"></ref>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Reference Systems and Frames|Reference Frames]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Reference Systems and Frames|Reference Frames]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system/files/galileo_documents/Galileo-OS-SDD.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the international civil coordinate reference standard is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), each GNSS has its own reference frame - which depends on the control stations’ coordinates hence guaranteeing independence among systems. Two GNSS are said to be interoperable from a reference frame perspective if the difference between frames is below the target accuracy. As an example, GPS coordinate reference frame is WGS84 whereas Galileo uses Galileo Terrestrial Reference Frame (GTRF); their difference is expected to be within 3 cm, hence guaranteeing interoperability for most applications <ref name=" Galileo OS SDD">[https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system/files/galileo_documents/Galileo-OS-SDD.pdf Galileo Open Service SDD]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Time References|Time Reference]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the service providers have agreed to broadcast the GPS/ Galileo time offset which can be used at the receiver. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In this context, GPS and Galileo can be considered to be interoperable.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Time reference frames refer to the international civilian time standard: Universal Time Coordinated/ Atomic Time (UTC/ TAI). Although GPS Time and Galileo System Time (GST) are expected to be within the nanoseconds order of magnitude, the service providers have agreed to broadcast the GPS/ Galileo time offset which can be used at the receiver. As an alternative, some receivers also isolate this time offset as an additional unknown to be solved within the navigation solution. In this context, GPS and Galileo can be considered to be interoperable.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Use of the same carrier frequency</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The selection of the same carrier frequency has a high impact on receiver complexity and cost (e.g. it dictates the need for additional band-pass filters). In this scope, GPS and Galileo can be considered interoperable at signal level among themselves in some frequency bands (e.g. L1 and L5/ E5a), but not with the legacy GLONASS signals which use [[CDMA FDMA Techniques|FDMA techniques]], hence a different carrier frequency per satellite. Furthermore, please note that even GPS and Galileo may be considered as not interoperable among themselves in frequency-bands that have no correspondence, such as E5b or L2 – even though still [[Principles of Compatibility among GNSS|compatible]] since no interference is caused on the other system.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Signals In Space </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Signals In Space </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aspects of the design of the Signals In Space, such as modulation, signal structure or selection of the codes that require only “software modifications” at the receiver can be considered to not affect interoperability. Furthermore, several working groups have been formed at international level in order to coordinate during the design of the signals design in order to ensure compatibility and signal interoperability. As a consequence, the military GPS-M code and the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) have signal interoperability on L1 band. In addition, QZSS plans to be interoperable with GPS and Galileo both in L1 and E5a/L5 bands. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aspects of the design of the Signals In Space, such as modulation, signal structure or selection of the codes that require only “software modifications” at the receiver can be considered to not affect interoperability. Furthermore, several working groups have been formed at international level in order to coordinate during the design of the signals design in order to ensure compatibility and signal interoperability. As a consequence, the military GPS-M code and the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) have signal interoperability on L1 band. In addition, QZSS plans to be interoperable with GPS and Galileo both in L1 and E5a/L5 bands.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==International Cooperation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==International Cooperation==</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14701&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Definition */2020-03-16T13:50:53Z<p><span class="autocomment">Definition</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interoperability is defined in the ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems)<ref name="ICG">[https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html International Committe on Glonal Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) website]</ref> Forum as:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interoperability is defined in the ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems)<ref name="ICG">[https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html International Committe on Glonal Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) website]</ref> Forum as:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Interoperability refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and augmentations and the services they provide to be used together to provide better capabilities at the user level than would be achieved by relying solely on the open signals of one system”<ref name="Space Sevice Volume">[https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace75_0_html/st_space_75E.pdf The Interoperable Global Navigation Satellites Systems Space Service Volume”, ed 2018 (ST/SPACE/75)]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Interoperability refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and augmentations and the services they provide to be used together to provide better capabilities at the user level than would be achieved by relying solely on the open signals of one system”<ref name="Space Sevice Volume">[https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace75_0_html/st_space_75E.pdf The Interoperable Global Navigation Satellites Systems Space Service Volume”, ed<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>2018 (ST/SPACE/75)]</ref><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the GNSS context, interoperability should be understood as the capability for user equipment to exploit available navigation signals of different GNSS and to produce a combined solution which generally..<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">..</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the GNSS context, interoperability should be understood as the capability for user equipment to exploit available navigation signals of different GNSS and to produce a combined solution which generally <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exhibits performance benefits (e</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">g</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">better accuracy, higher availability) with respect to the standalone system solution</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, interoperability is often discussed at two different levels: system and signal<ref name="hein">“GNSS Interoperability: Achieving a Global System of Systems or Does Everything Have to Be the Same?”, G. Hein, InsideGNSS, Jan/ Feb 2006. http://insidegnss.com/auto/0106_Working_Papers_IGM.pdf</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, interoperability is often discussed at two different levels: system and signal<ref name="hein">“GNSS Interoperability: Achieving a Global System of Systems or Does Everything Have to Be the Same?”, G. Hein, InsideGNSS, Jan/ Feb 2006. http://insidegnss.com/auto/0106_Working_Papers_IGM.pdf</ref>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14700&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Definition */2020-03-16T13:49:42Z<p><span class="autocomment">Definition</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:49, 16 March 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interoperability is defined in the ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems)<ref name="ICG">[https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html International Committe on Glonal Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) website]</ref> Forum as:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interoperability is defined in the ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems)<ref name="ICG">[https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html International Committe on Glonal Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) website]</ref> Forum as:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Interoperability refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and augmentations and the services they provide to be used together to provide better capabilities at the user level than would be achieved by relying solely on the open signals of one <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">”</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Interoperability refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and augmentations and the services they provide to be used together to provide better capabilities at the user level than would be achieved by relying solely on the open signals of one <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system”<ref name="Space Sevice Volume">[https://www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace75_0_html/st_space_75E.pdf The Interoperable Global Navigation Satellites Systems Space Service Volume”, ed 2018 (ST/SPACE/75)]</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the GNSS context, interoperability should be understood as the capability for user equipment to exploit available navigation signals of different GNSS and to produce a combined solution which generally.....</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the GNSS context, interoperability should be understood as the capability for user equipment to exploit available navigation signals of different GNSS and to produce a combined solution which generally.....</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cuetohttps://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php?title=Principles_of_Interoperability_among_GNSS&diff=14699&oldid=prevGema.Cueto: /* Definition */2020-03-16T13:47:12Z<p><span class="autocomment">Definition</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Definition==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Definition==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interoperability is defined in the ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Forum as:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interoperability is defined in the ICG (International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name="ICG">[https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/icg.html International Committe on Glonal Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) website]</ref> </ins>Forum as:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Interoperability refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and augmentations and the services they provide to be used together to provide better capabilities at the user level than would be achieved by relying solely on the open signals of one system.”</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Interoperability refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and augmentations and the services they provide to be used together to provide better capabilities at the user level than would be achieved by relying solely on the open signals of one system.”</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 18:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, interoperability is often discussed at two different levels: system and signal<ref name="hein">“GNSS Interoperability: Achieving a Global System of Systems or Does Everything Have to Be the Same?”, G. Hein, InsideGNSS, Jan/ Feb 2006. http://insidegnss.com/auto/0106_Working_Papers_IGM.pdf</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, interoperability is often discussed at two different levels: system and signal<ref name="hein">“GNSS Interoperability: Achieving a Global System of Systems or Does Everything Have to Be the Same?”, G. Hein, InsideGNSS, Jan/ Feb 2006. http://insidegnss.com/auto/0106_Working_Papers_IGM.pdf</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Interoperability at System Level==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Interoperability at System Level==</div></td></tr>
</table>Gema.Cueto