Outdoor Navigation - Revision history

Filipe.Pelica: /* Application Characterization */

2013-07-24T15:41:48Z

Application Characterization

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:41, 24 July 2013
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	[[Games#Geocaching\|Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.		[[Games#Geocaching\|Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.

	From a technical perspective outdoor navigation is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track (loaded or recorded by the user). No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.		From a technical perspective outdoor navigation is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track (loaded or recorded by the user). No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery. Currently there are some ongoing studies aiming of creating simple indications that may help the users to easily understand how to reach a given destination. Two examples of those studies are the [[Step By Step Navigation#Direction Codes\|Direction Codes]] and [[Step By Step Navigation#Location Codes\|Location Codes]].

	~~Despite this,~~ there are [[~~Handheld Outdoor Receivers~~\|~~outdoor receivers~~]] ~~with color touch screens~~ and ~~that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps~~.

			Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receivers\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps.

	== Application Examples ==		== Application Examples ==

Rui.Pereira at 10:04, 14 April 2011

2011-04-14T10:04:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:04, 14 April 2011
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	From a technical perspective outdoor navigation is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track (loaded or recorded by the user). No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.		From a technical perspective outdoor navigation is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track (loaded or recorded by the user). No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.

	Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor ~~Receiver~~\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps.		Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receivers\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps.


	== Application Examples ==		== Application Examples ==

	There are numerous outdoor navigation applications available for different smartphones and every major consumer GNSS receiver brand has several [[Handheld Outdoor ~~Receiver~~\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] in their portfolio.		There are numerous outdoor navigation applications available for different smartphones and every major consumer GNSS receiver brand has several [[Handheld Outdoor Receivers\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] in their portfolio.

Rui.Pereira: /* Application Architecture */

2011-04-14T10:03:56Z

Application Architecture

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:03, 14 April 2011
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	[[File:Garminetrexh.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Handheld Outdoor Receiver]]		[[File:Garminetrexh.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Handheld Outdoor Receiver]]
	Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor ~~Receiver~~]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. [[~~Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|~~Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] are preferred by "heavy users" since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications that can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities.		Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receivers\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. [[Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] are preferred by "heavy users" since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications that can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities.

	These applications normally work in a totally offline mode, since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.		These applications normally work in a totally offline mode, since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.
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	The accuracy required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS is enough for these applications. Availability, however, can be reduced by heavy foliage and deep canyons in this type of environment.		The accuracy required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS is enough for these applications. Availability, however, can be reduced by heavy foliage and deep canyons in this type of environment.


	== Application Characterization ==		== Application Characterization ==

Rui.Pereira at 00:00, 9 April 2011

2011-04-09T00:00:06Z

Rui.Pereira at 18:36, 8 April 2011

2011-04-08T18:36:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:36, 8 April 2011
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	}}		}}

	Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as nature trails. Outdoor Navigation is used mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers).		Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as nature trails. Outdoor Navigation is used mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers)<ref>[[Wikipedia:GNSS applications\|GNSS applications on Wikipedia]]</ref>.

	Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps are not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present, maps are very different from the ones used in [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]]; outdoor navigation maps more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.		Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps are not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present, maps are very different from the ones used in [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]]; outdoor navigation maps more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.
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	Normally, these applications work in a totally offline mode since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.		Normally, these applications work in a totally offline mode since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.

	These applications have normally the following concepts:		These applications have normally the following concepts<ref>[http://www.garmin.com/ Garmin site]</ref>:
	* '''Waypoint''': Point with coordinates. The user can mark waypoints in the device and can select the waypoint to go to.		* '''Waypoint''': Point with coordinates. The user can mark waypoints in the device and can select the waypoint to go to.
	* '''Track''': List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint to the last waypoint through the trail.		* '''Track''': List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint to the last waypoint through the trail.

Rui.Pereira at 18:30, 8 April 2011

2011-04-08T18:30:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:30, 8 April 2011
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	\|Logo=GMV		\|Logo=GMV
	}}		}}
	Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as natures trails. Outdoor Navigation is use mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers).

	Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps is not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present maps are very different from the ~~maps~~ used in [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] ~~being~~ more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.		Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as nature trails. Outdoor Navigation is used mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers).

			Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps are not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present, maps are very different from the ones used in [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]]; outdoor navigation maps more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.


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	[[File:Garminetrexh.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Handheld Outdoor Receiver]]		[[File:Garminetrexh.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Handheld Outdoor Receiver]]
	Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. ~~The~~ [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] are preferred by heavy users since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications ~~than~~ can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities		Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] are preferred by heavy users since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications that can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities.

	Normally these applications work in a totally offline mode since ~~it is normally that no~~ cellular coverage is ~~not available~~ in ~~most of~~ the ~~site~~ where Outdoor Navigation is used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without map support ~~in the device~~ although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.		Normally, these applications work in a totally offline mode since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.

	These applications have normally the following concepts:		These applications have normally the following concepts:
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	* '''Track''': List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint to the last waypoint through the trail.		* '''Track''': List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint to the last waypoint through the trail.
	* '''Waypoint Navigation''': The device leads the user through the trail by leading him from the last waypoint reached to the next on the trail.		* '''Waypoint Navigation''': The device leads the user through the trail by leading him from the last waypoint reached to the next on the trail.
	* '''Track Log Recording''': The trail taken by the user is stored in the device as a sucessive list of waypoints. This can be used to keep a record of the trail done that can be later downloaded or it can be used to return back in the trail.		* '''Track Log Recording''': The trail taken by the user is stored in the device as a sucessive list of waypoints. This can be used to keep a record of the trail done that can be later downloaded or can be used to return back in the trail.
	* '''Return Back''': The track log is reversed and the user is lead back to the starting point of the trail.		* '''Return Back''': The track log is reversed and the user is lead back to the starting point of the trail.
	* '''Compass''': These devices can be used as digital compasses. Some have a electronic compass that integrates with the GNSS positioning information.		* '''Compass''': These devices can be used as digital compasses. Some have a electronic compass that integrates with the GNSS positioning information.
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	These applications are considered non-critical applications although it can be used ~~navigation~~ on emergency situations.		These applications are considered as non-critical applications, although they can be used on emergency situations.

	The precision required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS enough although there might ~~situation~~ of heavy foliage cover and deep canyons where availability might less than what would be desirable.		The precision required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS is enough although there might situations of heavy foliage cover and deep canyons where availability might be less than what would be desirable.


	== Application Characterization ==		== Application Characterization ==

	Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally are waterproof or at least ruggedized ~~and one of the~~ design ~~drivers of these devices~~ is low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during ~~long~~ hours.		Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally, they are waterproof or at least ruggedized. An additional design driver is a low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during hours.

	[[Games#Geocaching\|Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.		[[Games#Geocaching\|Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.
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	In technical term this is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track that could have previously loaded or recorded by the user. No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.		In technical term this is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track that could have previously loaded or recorded by the user. No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.

	Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps		Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps.

Rui.Pereira at 18:18, 8 April 2011

2011-04-08T18:18:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 8 April 2011
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	== Application Architecture ==		== Application Architecture ==

			[[File:Garminetrexh.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Handheld Outdoor Receiver]]
	Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. The [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] are preferred by heavy users since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications than can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities		Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. The [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] are preferred by heavy users since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications than can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities

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	Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally are waterproof or at least ruggedized and one of the design drivers of these devices is low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during long hours.		Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally are waterproof or at least ruggedized and one of the design drivers of these devices is low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during long hours.

	[[Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.		[[Games#Geocaching\|Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.

	In technical term this is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track that could have previously loaded or recorded by the user. No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.		In technical term this is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track that could have previously loaded or recorded by the user. No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.

Rui.Pereira at 16:14, 7 April 2011

2011-04-07T16:14:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 7 April 2011
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	Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as natures trails. Outdoor Navigation is use mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers).		Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as natures trails. Outdoor Navigation is use mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers).

	Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps is not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present maps are very different from the maps used in Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation being more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.		Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps is not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present maps are very different from the maps used in [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] being more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.

Rui.Pereira at 16:12, 7 April 2011

2011-04-07T16:12:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:12, 7 April 2011
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	Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps is not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present maps are very different from the maps used in Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation being more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.		Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps is not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present maps are very different from the maps used in Pedestrian Navigation or Road Navigation being more closely related with topographic charts and military charts instead of being street and road oriented.


	== Application Architecture ==		== Application Architecture ==
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	The precision required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS enough although there might situation of heavy foliage cover and deep canyons where availability might less than what would be desirable.		The precision required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS enough although there might situation of heavy foliage cover and deep canyons where availability might less than what would be desirable.


	== Application Characterization ==		== Application Characterization ==
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	Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps		Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps


	== Application Examples ==		== Application Examples ==

	There are numerous outdoor navigation applications available for different smartphones and every major consumer GNSS receiver brand has several [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] in their portfolio.		There are numerous outdoor navigation applications available for different smartphones and every major consumer GNSS receiver brand has several [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] in their portfolio.


	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

Rui.Pereira at 16:08, 7 April 2011

2011-04-07T16:08:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 7 April 2011
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	== Application Architecture ==		== Application Architecture ==

	Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. The [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] are ~~prefered~~ by heavy users since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the ~~ocasional~~ users there ~~application~~ than can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities		Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. The [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] are preferred by heavy users since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications than can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities

	Normally these applications work in a totally offline mode since it is normally that no ~~celular~~ coverage is not available in most of the site where Outdoor Navigation is used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without map support in the device although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.		Normally these applications work in a totally offline mode since it is normally that no cellular coverage is not available in most of the site where Outdoor Navigation is used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without map support in the device although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.

	These applications have normally the following concepts:		These applications have normally the following concepts:
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	== Application Characterization ==		== Application Characterization ==

	Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally are waterproof or at least ruggedized and one of the design drivers of these devices is low power ~~comsumption~~ using regular ~~bateries~~ to endure ~~continous~~ use during long hours.		Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally are waterproof or at least ruggedized and one of the design drivers of these devices is low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during long hours.

	[[Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.		[[Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.

	In technical term this is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track that could have previously loaded or recorded by the user. No maps are required and the display can be a simple ~~monocromatic~~ screen to save ~~batery~~.		In technical term this is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track that could have previously loaded or recorded by the user. No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.

	Despite this there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with ~~colour touchscreens~~ and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps		Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps

	== Application Examples ==		== Application Examples ==
	~~Applications and services that fit in this category~~ are~~<ref>[http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800545489_499488_NT_72d6b5cc.HTM Will pedestrian~~ navigation ~~take off?], EE Times Asia, September 2008</ref>:~~
	* Journey Pro by Navitime<ref>[http://www.navitime.com/ Journey Pro by Navitime]</ref>: Journey is pedestrian navigation application for ~~[[Wikipedia:iPhone\|iPhone]]~~ and [[~~Wikipedia:Android (operating system)~~\|~~Android~~]].		There are numerous outdoor navigation applications available for different smartphones and every major consumer GNSS receiver brand has several [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] in their portfolio.
	* Ovi Maps<ref>[http://europe.nokia.com/support/product-support/maps-support Ovi Maps]</ref>: Nokia free navigation solution that supports pedestrian navigation in ~~the Walk mode.~~
	* Google Maps<ref>[http://www.google.com/mobile/maps/ Google Maps]</ref>: Google free map solution that supports pedestrian navigation including public transportation.
	* [[Personal Navigation Device\|Personal Navigation Devices]]: Most [[Road Applications\|road]] oriented [[Personal Navigation Device\|personal navigations devices]] support pedestrian modes although usually the same maps and routing algorithms as for road navigation are used.

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:00, 9 April 2011
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	Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as nature trails. Outdoor Navigation is used mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers)<ref>[[Wikipedia:GNSS applications\|GNSS applications on Wikipedia]]</ref>.		Outdoor Navigation consists in the navigation in outdoor environments such as nature trails. Outdoor Navigation is used mainly by outdoor enthusiasts (such as hikers, backpackers, geocaching enthusiasts, mountaineers or bikers) and outdoor workers (such emergency workers, wildlife preservation workers, forestry workers, farmers or mining workers)<ref>[[Wikipedia:GNSS applications\|GNSS applications on Wikipedia]]</ref>.

	Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps are not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present, maps are very different from the ones used in [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]]; outdoor navigation maps more closely related with topographic charts and military charts ~~instead of~~ being street and road oriented.		Outdoor Navigation is somewhat different from [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]] since it uses the concepts of trails and waypoints instead of a turn by turn navigation. Maps are not always required since individual trails can be loaded on the device or trails can be created from hikes. When present, maps are very different from the ones used in [[Pedestrian Navigation]] or [[Road Navigation]]; outdoor navigation maps more closely related with topographic charts and military charts, rather than being street and road oriented.


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	[[File:Garminetrexh.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Handheld Outdoor Receiver]]		[[File:Garminetrexh.jpg\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Handheld Outdoor Receiver]]
	Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] are preferred by heavy users since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications that can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities.		Outdoor Navigation is normally done using a custom [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver]] although standalone applications running on a [[Wikipedia:Mobile device\|mobile device]] can also be used. [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|Handheld Outdoor Receivers]] are preferred by "heavy users" since these devices are normally ruggedized devices to endure an outdoor environment. For the occasional users there are applications that can run on GNSS-enabled [[Wikipedia:Mobile phone\|phones]] with multimedia capabilities.

	~~Normally, these~~ applications work in a totally offline mode since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.		These applications normally work in a totally offline mode, since cellular coverage is usually unavailable in the places where Outdoor Navigation applications are to be used. Outdoor Navigation can be done without embedded map support although most devices support terrain maps with elevation information.

	These applications have normally the following concepts<ref>[http://www.garmin.com/ Garmin site]</ref>:		These applications have normally the following concepts<ref>[http://www.garmin.com/ Garmin site]</ref>:
	* '''Waypoint''': Point with coordinates. The user can mark waypoints in the device and can select the waypoint to go to.		* '''Waypoint''': Point with coordinates. The user can mark waypoints in the device and can select the waypoint to go to.
	* '''Track''': List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint to the last waypoint through the trail.		* '''Track''': List of sequential waypoints that lead the user from the initial waypoint to the last waypoint through the trail.
	* '''Waypoint Navigation''': The device leads the user through the trail by leading him from the last waypoint reached to the next on the trail.		* '''Waypoint Navigation''': The device leads the user through the trail by leading him from the last waypoint reached to the next one on the trail.
	* '''Track Log Recording''': The trail taken by the user is stored in the device as a ~~sucessive~~ list of waypoints. This ~~can be used to keep~~ a record of the trail done that can be later downloaded or can be used to return back in the trail.		* '''Track Log Recording''': The trail taken by the user is stored in the device as a successive list of waypoints. This keeps a record of the trail done that can be later downloaded and can be used to return back in the trail.
	* '''Return Back''': The track log is reversed and the user is lead back to the starting point of the trail.		* '''Return Back''': The track log is reversed and the user is lead back to the starting point of the trail.
	* '''Compass''': These devices can be used as digital compasses. Some have a electronic compass that ~~integrates~~ with the GNSS positioning information.		* '''Compass''': These devices can be used as digital compasses. Some have an electronic compass that can be integrated with the GNSS positioning information.
	* '''Altimeter''': These devices can be used as digital altimeters. Some have a barometric altimeter that ~~integrates~~ with the GNSS positioning information.		* '''Altimeter''': These devices can be used as digital altimeters. Some have a barometric altimeter that can be integrated with the GNSS positioning information.


	These applications are considered as non-critical applications, although they can be used on emergency situations.		These applications are considered as non-critical applications, although they can be used on emergency situations.

	The ~~precision~~ required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS is enough ~~although there might situations of~~ heavy foliage ~~cover~~ and deep canyons ~~where availability might be less than what would be desirable~~.		The accuracy required by these applications is low. The current accuracy provided by civilian GPS is enough for these applications. Availability, however, can be reduced by heavy foliage and deep canyons in this type of environment.


	== Application Characterization ==		== Application Characterization ==

	Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally, ~~they~~ are waterproof or at least ruggedized. An additional design driver is a low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during hours.		Outdoor Navigation was one of the first personal uses of GNSS and the first consumer handheld GNSS receivers were intended for outdoor use. Normally, these devices are waterproof or at least ruggedized. An additional design driver is a low power consumption using regular batteries to endure continuous use during hours.

	[[Games#Geocaching\|Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.		[[Games#Geocaching\|Geocaching]] is normally done using the same devices and applications used for generic Outdoor Navigation.

	In technical ~~term this~~ is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track ~~that could have previously~~ loaded or recorded by the user. No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.		From a technical perspective outdoor navigation is one of the most simple navigation uses of GNSS. The receiver simply points a straight line towards the next waypoint in the track (loaded or recorded by the user). No maps are required and the display can be a simple monochromatic screen to save battery.

	Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps.		Despite this, there are [[Handheld Outdoor Receiver\|outdoor receivers]] with color touch screens and that support also turn by turn navigation with street and road maps.