Land Surveying - Revision history

Claudia.Prajanu at 14:04, 7 September 2018

2018-09-07T14:04:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 7 September 2018
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	\|Logo=GMV		\|Logo=GMV
	~~\|Title={{PAGENAME}}~~
	}}		}}
	Land Surveying is a technique and science of accurately measuring the distances and angles between different points, on the surface of Earth. GNSS has been used by land surveyors since the late 1980s, primarily for geodetic control networks and for photo control<ref name ="rics">[http://www.cnavgnss.com/uploads/Guidelines_for_the_use_of_GNSS_in_surveying_and_mapping.pdf Guidelines for the use of GNSS in land surveying and mapping], Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), Practice Standards, 2010</ref>.		Land Surveying is a technique and science of accurately measuring the distances and angles between different points, on the surface of Earth. GNSS has been used by land surveyors since the late 1980s, primarily for geodetic control networks and for photo control<ref name ="rics">[http://www.cnavgnss.com/uploads/Guidelines_for_the_use_of_GNSS_in_surveying_and_mapping.pdf Guidelines for the use of GNSS in land surveying and mapping], Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), Practice Standards, 2010</ref>.
Line 38:		Line 37:

	The following companies are prominent in GNSS land surveying equipments market:		The following companies are prominent in GNSS land surveying equipments market:
	*~~[http://www.ashtech.com/~~ Ashtech],		*Ashtech,
	*[http://www.hemispheregps.com/ Hemisphere GPS],		*[http://www.hemispheregps.com/ Hemisphere GPS],
	*[http://www.nikon.com/ Nikon Optical Instruments], produces Robotic and Optical instruments for land surveying.		*[http://www.nikon.com/ Nikon Optical Instruments], produces Robotic and Optical instruments for land surveying.

Filipe.Pelica: fixed broken link.

2014-10-16T14:46:27Z

fixed broken link.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 16 October 2014
Line 35:		Line 35:

	Land surveying makes use of several equipments such as transits, tape, theodolites and GNSS receivers.		Land surveying makes use of several equipments such as transits, tape, theodolites and GNSS receivers.
	Modern instruments rely on GNSS and lasers for measurements<ref name="land-surveying">[http://land-surveying-~~today.com~~/ Land ~~surveying today~~ site], Land Surveying and GPS</ref>.		Modern instruments rely on GNSS and lasers for measurements<ref name="land-surveying">[http://www.landsurveyors.com/tools/land-surveying-gps/ Land Surveyors site], Land Surveying and GPS</ref>.

	The following companies are prominent in GNSS land surveying equipments market:		The following companies are prominent in GNSS land surveying equipments market:

Filipe.Pelica: Included editor logo.

2014-09-18T16:24:37Z

Included editor logo.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 18 September 2014
Line 4:		Line 4:
	\|Level=Intermediate		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
			\|Logo=GMV
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}

Carlos.Lopez at 10:53, 23 February 2012

2012-02-23T10:53:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:53, 23 February 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Article Infobox2		{{Article Infobox2
	\|Category=Applications		\|Category=Applications
	\|~~Authors~~=GMV		\|Editors=GMV
	\|Level=Intermediate		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	~~\|Logo=GMV~~
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}

Rui.Pereira at 15:48, 8 November 2011

2011-11-08T15:48:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 8 November 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Article Infobox2		{{Article Infobox2
	\|Category=Applications		\|Category=Applications
	~~\|Title={{PAGENAME}}~~
	\|Authors=GMV		\|Authors=GMV
	\|Level=Intermediate		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	\|Logo=GMV		\|Logo=GMV
			\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}

	Land Surveying is a technique and science of accurately measuring the distances and angles between different points, on the surface of Earth. GNSS has been used by land surveyors since the late 1980s, primarily for geodetic control networks and for photo control<ref name ="rics">[http://www.cnavgnss.com/uploads/Guidelines_for_the_use_of_GNSS_in_surveying_and_mapping.pdf Guidelines for the use of GNSS in land surveying and mapping], Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), Practice Standards, 2010</ref>.		Land Surveying is a technique and science of accurately measuring the distances and angles between different points, on the surface of Earth. GNSS has been used by land surveyors since the late 1980s, primarily for geodetic control networks and for photo control<ref name ="rics">[http://www.cnavgnss.com/uploads/Guidelines_for_the_use_of_GNSS_in_surveying_and_mapping.pdf Guidelines for the use of GNSS in land surveying and mapping], Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), Practice Standards, 2010</ref>.

Line 18:		Line 17:
	Land surveying usually relies on geodetic control networks that will be used as reference points and surveys are made in relation to these reference points. In detail surveys the traditional survey techniques rely on measurements from other known locations, such as the edge of properties, landmarks, or even a surveyor's stake. These land references, are subject to change over the time. With the use GNSS the coordinates can be located precisely on a worldwide reference frame and the GNSS land surveying tools produce measurements that do not rely on what happens to the surrounding land, constructions or landmarks.		Land surveying usually relies on geodetic control networks that will be used as reference points and surveys are made in relation to these reference points. In detail surveys the traditional survey techniques rely on measurements from other known locations, such as the edge of properties, landmarks, or even a surveyor's stake. These land references, are subject to change over the time. With the use GNSS the coordinates can be located precisely on a worldwide reference frame and the GNSS land surveying tools produce measurements that do not rely on what happens to the surrounding land, constructions or landmarks.

	Usually GNSS survey equipment use GNSS augmentation techniques to achieve the required level of accuracy. These techniques can range from the use of satellite based augmentation systems such as [[EGNOS General Introduction\|EGNOS]] or [[~~Work in Progress:~~WAAS General Introduction\|WAAS]] to dual frequency receivers using [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. The augmentation technique is chosen depending on the required accuracy of the survey, the available equipment resources, the time required for the survey and the environmental characteristics of the surveyed site.		Usually GNSS survey equipment use GNSS augmentation techniques to achieve the required level of accuracy. These techniques can range from the use of satellite based augmentation systems such as [[EGNOS General Introduction\|EGNOS]] or [[WAAS General Introduction\|WAAS]] to dual frequency receivers using [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. The augmentation technique is chosen depending on the required accuracy of the survey, the available equipment resources, the time required for the survey and the environmental characteristics of the surveyed site.

	Typically survey grade receivers use [[Differential GNSS\|DGNSS]] or [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. These techniques require data from a base station with accurate and known coordinates. The base station data can be obtained from a base station network, a single public station or a own base station setup by the surveyor. Also the surveyor can chose between realtime corrections (requiring a communication link between the station and the rover) or post-processing correction.		Typically survey grade receivers use [[Differential GNSS\|DGNSS]] or [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. These techniques require data from a base station with accurate and known coordinates. The base station data can be obtained from a base station network, a single public station or a own base station setup by the surveyor. Also the surveyor can chose between realtime corrections (requiring a communication link between the station and the rover) or post-processing correction.

Timo.Kouwenhoven: Text replace - "|Level=Medium" to "|Level=Intermediate"

2011-11-06T07:45:47Z

Text replace - "|Level=Medium" to "|Level=Intermediate"

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:45, 6 November 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	\|Authors=GMV		\|Authors=GMV
	\|Level=~~Medium~~		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	\|Logo=GMV		\|Logo=GMV

Timo.Kouwenhoven: Text replace - "|Authors=GMV." to "|Authors=GMV"

2011-11-01T13:49:02Z

Text replace - "|Authors=GMV." to "|Authors=GMV"

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 1 November 2011
Line 2:		Line 2:
	\|Category=Applications		\|Category=Applications
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	\|Authors=GMV.		\|Authors=GMV
	\|Level=Medium		\|Level=Medium
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011

Rui.Pereira: moved Work in Progress:Land Surveying to Land Surveying over redirect

2011-07-29T22:44:09Z

moved Work in Progress:Land Surveying to Land Surveying over redirect

← Older revision	Revision as of 22:44, 29 July 2011
(No difference)

Rui.Pereira at 10:52, 29 July 2011

2011-07-29T10:52:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:52, 29 July 2011
Line 10:		Line 10:
	Land Surveying is a technique and science of accurately measuring the distances and angles between different points, on the surface of Earth. GNSS has been used by land surveyors since the late 1980s, primarily for geodetic control networks and for photo control<ref name ="rics">[http://www.cnavgnss.com/uploads/Guidelines_for_the_use_of_GNSS_in_surveying_and_mapping.pdf Guidelines for the use of GNSS in land surveying and mapping], Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), Practice Standards, 2010</ref>.		Land Surveying is a technique and science of accurately measuring the distances and angles between different points, on the surface of Earth. GNSS has been used by land surveyors since the late 1980s, primarily for geodetic control networks and for photo control<ref name ="rics">[http://www.cnavgnss.com/uploads/Guidelines_for_the_use_of_GNSS_in_surveying_and_mapping.pdf Guidelines for the use of GNSS in land surveying and mapping], Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), Practice Standards, 2010</ref>.

	Nowadays, GNSS is used to determine precise locations all over the globe, in any weather conditions at any time of the day. GNSS geodetic surveying equipment has become smaller and easier to use being faster to use than other surveying methods. GNSS is specially used for large topographic surveys where an centimeter level accuracy is enough<ref>[[Wikipedia:Surveying\|Surveying on Wikipedia]]</ref>.		Nowadays, GNSS is used to determine precise locations all over the globe, in any weather conditions and at any time of the day. GNSS geodetic surveying equipment has become smaller and easier to use being faster to use than other surveying methods. GNSS is specially used for large topographic surveys where a centimeter level accuracy is enough<ref>[[Wikipedia:Surveying\|Surveying on Wikipedia]]</ref>.

	== Application Architecture ==		== Application Architecture ==
Line 22:		Line 22:
	Typically survey grade receivers use [[Differential GNSS\|DGNSS]] or [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. These techniques require data from a base station with accurate and known coordinates. The base station data can be obtained from a base station network, a single public station or a own base station setup by the surveyor. Also the surveyor can chose between realtime corrections (requiring a communication link between the station and the rover) or post-processing correction.		Typically survey grade receivers use [[Differential GNSS\|DGNSS]] or [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. These techniques require data from a base station with accurate and known coordinates. The base station data can be obtained from a base station network, a single public station or a own base station setup by the surveyor. Also the surveyor can chose between realtime corrections (requiring a communication link between the station and the rover) or post-processing correction.

	In general terms GNSS high-end surveying equipment is more expensive than high-end traditional surveying equipment but when used for large topographic surveys where centimeter level accuracy is enough the added ~~costs~~ of equipment ~~become~~ irrelevant given that can be much faster than traditional methods. Traditional methods are still able to achieve better accuracies and are still the best option for surveys where sub-centimeter accuracies are required, in situations where a clear view of the sky is not available or if vertical accuracy is important. In general for detail surveying for construction traditional methods are still preferred<ref>[https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/ Nature of Geographic Information], Pennsylvania State University</ref>.		In general terms GNSS high-end surveying equipment is more expensive than high-end traditional surveying equipment but when used for large topographic surveys where centimeter level accuracy is enough the added cost of the equipment becomes irrelevant given that it can be much faster than traditional methods. Traditional methods are still able to achieve better accuracies and are still the best option for surveys where: sub-centimeter accuracies are required, in situations where a clear view of the sky is not available or if vertical accuracy is important. In general, for detail surveying for construction, the traditional methods are still preferred<ref>[https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/ Nature of Geographic Information], Pennsylvania State University</ref>.

	== Survey Techniques ==		== Survey Techniques ==
	GNSS survey techniques can be separated into the following methods<ref name="rics" />:		GNSS survey techniques can be separated into the following methods<ref name="rics" />:

	* '''Static Surveys''' - In a static GNSS survey, the receiver remain fixed during the period of observation, that is usually called occupation time<ref name ="rics" />. The occupation time refers to the time for how long the rover unit should be kept static to achieve the desired level of accuracy. Longer occupation times will lead to higher accuracy. Occupation times range normally from ~~10m~~ to 6h, although higher values may be used. Carrier-phase techniques are usually used in this kind of surveys.		* '''Static Surveys''' - In a static GNSS survey, the receiver remain fixed during the period of observation, that is usually called occupation time<ref name ="rics" />. The occupation time refers to the time for how long the rover unit should be kept static to achieve the desired level of accuracy. Longer occupation times will lead to higher accuracy. Occupation times range normally from 10 minutes to 6 hours, although higher values may be used. Carrier-phase techniques are usually used in this kind of surveys.

	* '''Dynamic Surveys''' - In dynamic surveys, the rover unit will move around the site observing the same satellites as the base station. This type of survey provides a high rate of coordinate generation at the cost of having a lower accuracy ~~that~~ static methods. Kinematic methods are usually used for this kind of surveys. The algorithms used in dynamic surveys rely on the fact that while the rover can move around the site should never loose lock on the satellites signal. The techniques and algorithms used in dynamic surveys can be used by post-processing ~~the collected data~~.		* '''Dynamic Surveys''' - In dynamic surveys, the rover unit will move around the site observing the same satellites as the base station. This type of survey provides a high rate of coordinate generation at the cost of having a lower accuracy than static methods. Kinematic methods are usually used for this kind of surveys. The algorithms used in dynamic surveys rely on the fact that while the rover can move around the site should never loose lock on the satellites signal. The techniques and algorithms used in dynamic surveys can be used in post-processing.

	* '''Real-time dynamic surveys''' - Real Time Dynamic Surveys use the same techniques and algorithms than dynamic surveys except that these algorithms are run on realtime on the rover units. This type of survey requires a permanent communication link between the base station and the rover.		* '''Real-time dynamic surveys''' - Real Time Dynamic Surveys use the same techniques and algorithms than dynamic surveys except that these algorithms are run on realtime on the rover units. This type of survey requires a permanent communication link between the base station and the rover.

Rui.Pereira at 01:11, 28 July 2011

2011-07-28T01:11:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:11, 28 July 2011
Line 18:		Line 18:
	Land surveying usually relies on geodetic control networks that will be used as reference points and surveys are made in relation to these reference points. In detail surveys the traditional survey techniques rely on measurements from other known locations, such as the edge of properties, landmarks, or even a surveyor's stake. These land references, are subject to change over the time. With the use GNSS the coordinates can be located precisely on a worldwide reference frame and the GNSS land surveying tools produce measurements that do not rely on what happens to the surrounding land, constructions or landmarks.		Land surveying usually relies on geodetic control networks that will be used as reference points and surveys are made in relation to these reference points. In detail surveys the traditional survey techniques rely on measurements from other known locations, such as the edge of properties, landmarks, or even a surveyor's stake. These land references, are subject to change over the time. With the use GNSS the coordinates can be located precisely on a worldwide reference frame and the GNSS land surveying tools produce measurements that do not rely on what happens to the surrounding land, constructions or landmarks.

	Usually GNSS survey equipment use GNSS augmentation techniques to achieve the required level of accuracy. These techniques can range from the use of satellite based augmentation systems such as [[EGNOS General Introduction\|EGNOS]] or [Work in Progress:WAAS General Introduction\|WAAS]] to dual frequency receivers using [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. The augmentation technique is chosen depending on the required accuracy of the survey, the available equipment resources, the time required for the survey and the environmental characteristics of the surveyed site.		Usually GNSS survey equipment use GNSS augmentation techniques to achieve the required level of accuracy. These techniques can range from the use of satellite based augmentation systems such as [[EGNOS General Introduction\|EGNOS]] or [[Work in Progress:WAAS General Introduction\|WAAS]] to dual frequency receivers using [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. The augmentation technique is chosen depending on the required accuracy of the survey, the available equipment resources, the time required for the survey and the environmental characteristics of the surveyed site.

	Typically survey grade receivers use [[Differential GNSS\|DGNSS]] or [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. These techniques require data from a base station with accurate and known coordinates. The base station data can be obtained from a base station network, a single public station or a own base station setup by the surveyor. Also the surveyor can chose between realtime corrections (requiring a communication link between the station and the rover) or post-processing correction.		Typically survey grade receivers use [[Differential GNSS\|DGNSS]] or [[Real Time Kinematics\|Real Time Kinematic (RTK)]]. These techniques require data from a base station with accurate and known coordinates. The base station data can be obtained from a base station network, a single public station or a own base station setup by the surveyor. Also the surveyor can chose between realtime corrections (requiring a communication link between the station and the rover) or post-processing correction.