GLONASS General Introduction - Revision history

Gema.Cueto: Updated reference ICD/SDD links

2026-04-17T13:03:29Z

Updated reference ICD/SDD links

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 17 April 2026
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	==GLONASS Signal Structure==		==GLONASS Signal Structure==
	[[File:GlonassSignalStructure.JPG\|GLONASS Signal Spectrum\|400px\|thumb\|right]]		[[File:GlonassSignalStructure.JPG\|GLONASS Signal Spectrum\|400px\|thumb\|right]]
	Each [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] system Space Vehicle (SV) "GLONASS" and "GLONASS-M" transmits navigational radiosignals on fundamental frequencies in two frequency sub-bands (L1 ~ 1,6 GHz, L2 ~ 1,25 GHz).<ref name="ICD-GLONASS-eng">[~~http~~://~~rniikp~~.~~ru/en/pages~~/~~about~~/~~publ~~/~~ICD_GLONASS_eng~~.pdf GLONASS Interface Control Document, Edition 5.1]</ref>		Each [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] system Space Vehicle (SV) "GLONASS" and "GLONASS-M" transmits navigational radiosignals on fundamental frequencies in two frequency sub-bands (L1 ~ 1,6 GHz, L2 ~ 1,25 GHz).<ref name="ICD-GLONASS-eng">[https://unavco.knowledgebase.co/assets/727/ikd51en.pdf GLONASS Interface Control Document, Edition 5.1]</ref>

	It is important to remark that [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] relies on the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technique instead of the CDMA one used by other GNSS systems such [[GPS General Introduction\|GPS]] or [[GALILEO General Introduction\|GALILEO]]. Each satellite transmits navigation signals on its own carrier frequency, so that two [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] satellites may transmit navigation signals on the same carrier frequency if they are located in antipodal slots of a single orbital plane.<ref name="ICD-GLONASS-eng"/>		It is important to remark that [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] relies on the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) technique instead of the CDMA one used by other GNSS systems such [[GPS General Introduction\|GPS]] or [[GALILEO General Introduction\|GALILEO]]. Each satellite transmits navigation signals on its own carrier frequency, so that two [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] satellites may transmit navigation signals on the same carrier frequency if they are located in antipodal slots of a single orbital plane.<ref name="ICD-GLONASS-eng"/>

Claudia.Prajanu at 11:08, 22 June 2018

2018-06-22T11:08:41Z

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	As specified in the ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', the [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] broadcast ephemeris describes a position of transmitting antenna phase center of given satellite in the PZ-90.02 Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed reference frame defined as follows:<ref name="ICD-GLONASS-eng"/>		As specified in the ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', the [[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] broadcast ephemeris describes a position of transmitting antenna phase center of given satellite in the PZ-90.02 Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed reference frame defined as follows:<ref name="ICD-GLONASS-eng"/>
	* The ORIGIN is located at the center of the Earth's body.		* The ORIGIN is located at the center of the Earth's body.
	* The Z-axis is directed to the Conventional Terrestrial Pole as recommended by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS).<ref>[~~http~~://www.iers.org~~/sid_1CDA2C1153A104A5749670FEBB33C6F4~~/IERS/EN/~~IERSHome~~/~~home~~.html~~?__nnn=true~~ Earth Rotation Service (IERS)]</ref>		* The Z-axis is directed to the Conventional Terrestrial Pole as recommended by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS).<ref>[https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Home/home_node.html Earth Rotation Service (IERS)]</ref>
	* The X-axis is directed to the point of intersection of the Earth's equatorial plane and the zero meridian established by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH).		* The X-axis is directed to the point of intersection of the Earth's equatorial plane and the zero meridian established by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH).
	* The Y-axis completes the coordinate system to the right-handed on.		* The Y-axis completes the coordinate system to the right-handed on.
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	==GLONASS Performances==		==GLONASS Performances==
	In 2006, when the Defence Minister Sergey Ivanov ordered that one of the existing GLONASS signals was made available to the civilian users the achievable performance was only about 30 meters. However, there was another signal (encrypted signal for military purposes) which allowed to obtain a better performance and later on 2007 the president Vladimir Putting has demanded that the whole system was made available for everyone. Thus, on 18 May 2007 the achievable performance was increased to about 10 metters being yet quiete worse than the GPS performance. Since then several improvements were made on the system and currently both [[~~:Category:~~GLONASS\|GLONASS Performances]] and [[~~:Category:~~GPS\|GPS Performances]] are very similar.		In 2006, when the Defence Minister Sergey Ivanov ordered that one of the existing GLONASS signals was made available to the civilian users the achievable performance was only about 30 meters. However, there was another signal (encrypted signal for military purposes) which allowed to obtain a better performance and later on 2007 the president Vladimir Putting has demanded that the whole system was made available for everyone. Thus, on 18 May 2007 the achievable performance was increased to about 10 metters being yet quiete worse than the GPS performance. Since then several improvements were made on the system and currently both [[GLONASS Performances\|GLONASS Performances]] and [[GPS Performances\|GPS Performances]] are very similar.

	==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==		==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==

Filipe.Pelica: Included editor logo.

2014-09-18T16:43:18Z

Included editor logo.

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	\|Level=Basic		\|Level=Basic
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
			\|Logo=GMV
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}

Winfried.Schroedter2: Sort criterium for listing on category page

2014-09-10T09:28:01Z

Sort criterium for listing on category page

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	<references/>		<references/>

	[[Category:GLONASS]]		[[Category:GLONASS\|!]]

Filipe.Pelica: fixed broken link

2014-05-29T14:43:04Z

fixed broken link

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	==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==		==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==
	[[File:K_model_at_Cebit_2011_Satellite.jpg\|Glonass K satellite at the CeBIT 2011 Expo in Germany\|100px\|thumb\|right]]		[[File:K_model_at_Cebit_2011_Satellite.jpg\|Glonass K satellite at the CeBIT 2011 Expo in Germany\|100px\|thumb\|right]]
	[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] modernization began with the launch of second generation of satellites, known as GLONASS-M, in 2003. The following generation of satellites, GLONASS-K, has a service life of 10 years and includes, for the first time, code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) signals in addition to the legacy FDMA signals.<ref name=GPSWLDA>[http://~~www.~~gpsworld.com~~/gnss-system/glonass~~/innovation-glonass-11405 Innovation: GLONASS, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, April 1, 2011, GPS World]</ref>		[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] modernization began with the launch of second generation of satellites, known as GLONASS-M, in 2003. The following generation of satellites, GLONASS-K, has a service life of 10 years and includes, for the first time, code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) signals in addition to the legacy FDMA signals.<ref name=GPSWLDA>[http://gpsworld.com/innovation-glonass-11405/ Innovation: GLONASS, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, April 1, 2011, GPS World]</ref>

	[[GLONASS_Future_and_Evolutions\|Evolutions of GLONASS]] are planned and in place for short, mid and long terms.		[[GLONASS_Future_and_Evolutions\|Evolutions of GLONASS]] are planned and in place for short, mid and long terms.

Filipe.Pelica at 17:44, 26 May 2014

2014-05-26T17:44:06Z

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	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}
	[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to users on a continuous worldwide basis freely available to all. GLONASS receivers compute their position in the [[Glonass Reference Frame\|GLONASS Reference System]] using satellite technology and based on [[An intuitive approach to the GNSS positioning\|triangulation principles]]. It is an alternative and complementary to other GNSS systems such as the United States' Global Positioning System ([[GPS General Introduction\|GPS]]), the Chinese [[~~COMPASS~~ General Introduction\|~~COMPASS~~]] navigation system or the planned [[GALILEO General Introduction\|~~GALILEO~~]] positioning system of the European Union (EU).		[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to users on a continuous worldwide basis freely available to all. GLONASS receivers compute their position in the [[Glonass Reference Frame\|GLONASS Reference System]] using satellite technology and based on [[An intuitive approach to the GNSS positioning\|triangulation principles]]. It is an alternative and complementary to other GNSS systems such as the United States' Global Positioning System ([[GPS General Introduction\|GPS]]), the Chinese [[BeiDou General Introduction\|BeiDou]] navigation system or the planned [[GALILEO General Introduction\|Galileo]] positioning system of the European Union (EU).

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

Filipe.Pelica: /* GLONASS Performances */ Section was rewritten and the older text was moved section to specific article (GLONASS Performances).

2012-12-07T17:58:59Z

GLONASS Performances: Section was rewritten and the older text was moved section to specific article (GLONASS Performances).

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 ==GLONASS Performances==
-[[File:GLONASSavailability.jpg|Integral availability of GLONASS navigation (PDOP≤6) during the 24 hours period (mask angle ≥5 deg) Date: 23.01.2012|300px|thumb|right]]
+In 2006, when the Defence Minister Sergey Ivanov ordered that one of the existing GLONASS signals was made available to the civilian users the achievable performance was only about 30 meters. However, there was another signal (encrypted signal for military purposes) which allowed to obtain a better performance and later on 2007 the president Vladimir Putting has demanded that the whole system was made available for everyone. Thus, on 18 May 2007 the achievable performance was increased to about 10 metters being yet quiete worse than the GPS performance. Since then several improvements were made on the system and currently both [[:Category:GLONASS|GLONASS Performances]] and [[:Category:GPS|GPS Performances]] are very similar.
 ==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==

Teresa.Ferreira: /* GLONASS Future and Evolutions */

2012-06-19T16:02:12Z

GLONASS Future and Evolutions

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	==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==		==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==
	[[File:K_model_at_Cebit_2011_Satellite.jpg\|Glonass K satellite at the CeBIT 2011 Expo in Germany\|~~200px~~\|thumb\|right]]		[[File:K_model_at_Cebit_2011_Satellite.jpg\|Glonass K satellite at the CeBIT 2011 Expo in Germany\|100px\|thumb\|right]]
	[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] modernization began with the launch of second generation of satellites, known as GLONASS-M, in 2003. The following generation of satellites, GLONASS-K, has a service life of 10 years and includes, for the first time, code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) signals in addition to the legacy FDMA signals.<ref name=GPSWLDA>[http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/innovation-glonass-11405 Innovation: GLONASS, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, April 1, 2011, GPS World]</ref>		[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] modernization began with the launch of second generation of satellites, known as GLONASS-M, in 2003. The following generation of satellites, GLONASS-K, has a service life of 10 years and includes, for the first time, code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) signals in addition to the legacy FDMA signals.<ref name=GPSWLDA>[http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/innovation-glonass-11405 Innovation: GLONASS, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, April 1, 2011, GPS World]</ref>

Teresa.Ferreira: /* GLONASS Future and Evolutions */

2012-06-19T16:01:44Z

GLONASS Future and Evolutions

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	==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==		==GLONASS Future and Evolutions==
	[[File:K_model_at_Cebit_2011_Satellite.jpg\|Glonass K satellite at the CeBIT 2011 Expo in Germany\|~~300px~~\|thumb\|right]]		[[File:K_model_at_Cebit_2011_Satellite.jpg\|Glonass K satellite at the CeBIT 2011 Expo in Germany\|200px\|thumb\|right]]
	[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] modernization began with the launch of second generation of satellites, known as GLONASS-M, in 2003. Currently (January 2012), the number of satellites in the constellation is 31, 23 operational, 3 spares, one in commissioning phase, one in flight tests phase and three in maintenance.<ref name="GLONASSConstellationStatus"/>		[[:Category:GLONASS\|GLONASS]] modernization began with the launch of second generation of satellites, known as GLONASS-M, in 2003. The following generation of satellites, GLONASS-K, has a service life of 10 years and includes, for the first time, code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) signals in addition to the legacy FDMA signals.<ref name=GPSWLDA>[http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/innovation-glonass-11405 Innovation: GLONASS, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, April 1, 2011, GPS World]</ref>
	The following generation of satellites, GLONASS-K, has a service life of 10 years and includes, for the first time, code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) signals in addition to the legacy FDMA signals.<ref name=GPSWLDA>[http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/innovation-glonass-11405 Innovation: GLONASS, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, April 1, 2011, GPS World]</ref> GLONASS-K satellites will be developed in two different versions:<ref name=GPSWLDA/><ref>[http://www.prepaidmvno.com/2011/04/27/company-review-russian-mvno-nis-glonass-%c2%ab%d1%8d%d1%80%d0%b0-%d0%b3%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%81%d1%81-%c2%bb-era-glonass/ Company Review; Russian MVNO/NIS Glonass, in PrepaidMVNO]</ref>
	* GLONASS-K1 will broadcast a CDMA signal in the L3 band. The first GLONASS-K1 satellite was successfully launched on February 26 2011 <ref>[http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2487 Russia’s First GLONASS-K In Orbit, CDMA Signals Coming, insideGNSS]</ref> and the new L3 CDMA signal is already being tracking by several receiver companies.<ref>[http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2563 Septentrio’s AsteRx3 Receiver Tracks First GLONASS CDMA Signal on L3, insideGNSS]</ref><ref>[http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/news/dawn-a-new-era-first-glonass-cdma-signal-tracked-moscow-updated-11488 First GLONASS CDMA Signal Tracked, GPSWorld]</ref>
	* GLONASS-K2 to be launched in 2013, will include six new signal, namely three CDMA signals, an encrypted signal at 1242 MHz (L2), and two signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1). The CDMA signals will be placed in the vicinity of the current FDMA signals.

	~~The evolution~~ of ~~the~~ GLONASS-K satellite block, GLONASS-KM, is under study nowadays.<ref>[http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/news/glonass-update-delves-constellation-details-10499 GLONASS Update Delves into Constellation Details, ~~GPSWorld]</ref> It is being considered to add a L5 signal at 1179.45 MHz~~ and ~~to revisit the current constellation deployment. GLONASS-KM would be launched after 2015~~.		[[GLONASS_Future_and_Evolutions\|Evolutions of GLONASS]] are planned and in place for short, mid and long terms.

	==Notes==		==Notes==

Carlos.Lopez at 11:09, 23 February 2012

2012-02-23T11:09:18Z

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	{{Article Infobox2		{{Article Infobox2
	\|Category=GLONASS		\|Category=GLONASS
	\|Editors=GMV ~~A.D.~~		\|Editors=GMV
	\|Level=Basic		\|Level=Basic
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011