Autonomous Flying - Revision history

Gema.Cueto: /* Application Architecture */

2021-05-21T11:32:58Z

Application Architecture

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:32, 21 May 2021
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	[[File:Pteryx UAV - wiki.jpg\|right\|thumb\|300px\|Pteryx UAV used for aerial surveys]]		[[File:Pteryx UAV - wiki.jpg\|right\|thumb\|300px\|Pteryx UAV used for aerial surveys]]

	The characteristics and installation of the GNSS receivers in UAVs can vary with the type of UAV and how the the UAV uses the GNSS information. For larger UAVs the equipment and installation can be similar to the equipment built for conventional ~~aircrafts~~ (except for the user interface). For smaller UAVs there might be the need to have tailored GNSS receivers based on existing off-the-shelf equipment due the reduced size of the aircraft.		The characteristics and installation of the GNSS receivers in UAVs can vary with the type of UAV and how the the UAV uses the GNSS information. For larger UAVs the equipment and installation can be similar to the equipment built for conventional airplanes (except for the user interface). For smaller UAVs there might be the need to have tailored GNSS receivers based on existing off-the-shelf equipment due the reduced size of the aircraft.

	Typically the installation will consist of one antenna installed on the upper part of the aircraft connected to the receiver that is then connected to the avionics of the UAV where the GNSS data can be integrated with other sensors data. If GNSS data is used for attitude determination a multiple antenna configuration might be in-place usually with up to 3 antennas usually installed on the tip of the wings and on the tail.		Typically the installation will consist of one antenna installed on the upper part of the aircraft connected to the receiver that is then connected to the avionics of the UAV where the GNSS data can be integrated with other sensors data. If GNSS data is used for attitude determination a multiple antenna configuration might be in-place usually with up to 3 antennas usually installed on the tip of the wings and on the tail.

Claudia.Prajanu at 18:54, 9 September 2018

2018-09-09T18:54:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 9 September 2018
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	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	\|Logo=GMV		\|Logo=GMV
	~~\|Title={{PAGENAME}}~~
	}}		}}
	Advanced UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are used or proposed in many missions covering security (including border patrol, anti-drug warfare, chemical, biological and radiological detection, maritime vessel identification and interdiction), surveillance of infrastructures (pipelines, power lines, railways, waterways, roads, airports), search and rescue, mapping, fisheries, agriculture, forestry, natural resource monitoring, fire fighting and emergency management, airborne communication collection and relay, weather data collection, environmental monitoring, pollution detection and other scientific research<ref>~~[http://iap.esa.int/Tenders/UAS~~ Feasibility Study for an Unmanned Aerial System Mission Supported by Integrated Space Systems], ESA Portal, July 2009</ref>.		Advanced UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are used or proposed in many missions covering security (including border patrol, anti-drug warfare, chemical, biological and radiological detection, maritime vessel identification and interdiction), surveillance of infrastructures (pipelines, power lines, railways, waterways, roads, airports), search and rescue, mapping, fisheries, agriculture, forestry, natural resource monitoring, fire fighting and emergency management, airborne communication collection and relay, weather data collection, environmental monitoring, pollution detection and other scientific research<ref> Feasibility Study for an Unmanned Aerial System Mission Supported by Integrated Space Systems, ESA Portal, July 2009</ref>.

	GNSS plays a very important role in UAVs. Either when guided autonomously or guided by ground-based pilots, the determination of the location and speed of the UAV either for navigation or georeferencing the collected data is usually done by GNSS. If the vehicle is autonomous, GNSS can contribute actively to the control loop of the UAV by providing inputs to the control algorithm and by giving feedback to the control algorithm after an action is taken.		GNSS plays a very important role in UAVs. Either when guided autonomously or guided by ground-based pilots, the determination of the location and speed of the UAV either for navigation or georeferencing the collected data is usually done by GNSS. If the vehicle is autonomous, GNSS can contribute actively to the control loop of the UAV by providing inputs to the control algorithm and by giving feedback to the control algorithm after an action is taken.
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	[[File:US Navy 020214-M-7370C-034 UAV.jpg\|right\|thumb\|300px\|Predator UAV]]		[[File:US Navy 020214-M-7370C-034 UAV.jpg\|right\|thumb\|300px\|Predator UAV]]

	In UAVs, GNSS can be used for 4 different types of applications<ref>[~~http~~://www.septentrio.com/~~sites/default/files/papers/GNSS_positioning_for_UAV_Applications_Leyssens.pdf~~ GNSS positioning for UAV Applications], Jan Leyssens, Septentrio</ref>:		In UAVs, GNSS can be used for 4 different types of applications<ref>[https://www.septentrio.com/ GNSS positioning for UAV Applications], Jan Leyssens, Septentrio</ref>:
	* '''Navigation''' - The use of GNSS in the navigation of UAV is similar to the one in [[En Route Navigation\|manned aerial vehicle navigation]]. Two main differences can be observed:		* '''Navigation''' - The use of GNSS in the navigation of UAV is similar to the one in [[En Route Navigation\|manned aerial vehicle navigation]]. Two main differences can be observed:
	** Safety requirements are less stringent since the loss of the vehicle doesn't imply the loss of human lives or injuries. Anyhow safety requirements must still be taken into account as described below.		** Safety requirements are less stringent since the loss of the vehicle doesn't imply the loss of human lives or injuries. Anyhow safety requirements must still be taken into account as described below.

Filipe.Pelica: Included editor logo.

2014-09-18T16:27:52Z

Included editor logo.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:27, 18 September 2014
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	\|Level=Intermediate		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
			\|Logo=GMV
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}

Carlos.Lopez at 10:48, 23 February 2012

2012-02-23T10:48:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 23 February 2012
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	{{Article Infobox2		{{Article Infobox2
	\|Category=Applications		\|Category=Applications
	\|Editors=GMV ~~A.D.~~		\|Editors=GMV
	\|Level=Intermediate		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011

Carlos.Lopez at 10:38, 23 February 2012

2012-02-23T10:38:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 23 February 2012
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	{{Article Infobox2		{{Article Infobox2
	\|Category=Applications		\|Category=Applications
	\|~~Authors~~=GMV		\|Editors=GMV A.D.
	\|Level=Intermediate		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	~~\|Logo=GMV~~
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}

Rui.Pereira at 15:17, 8 November 2011

2011-11-08T15:17:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:17, 8 November 2011
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	** In autonomous UAVs, GNSS is part of the control loop of the guidance algorithm, although other sources such as cameras, inertial sensors are normally also integrated and combined by filters with GNSS data to guide the vehicle.		** In autonomous UAVs, GNSS is part of the control loop of the guidance algorithm, although other sources such as cameras, inertial sensors are normally also integrated and combined by filters with GNSS data to guide the vehicle.
	* '''Attitude Determination''' - Attitude determination can be done by UAVs in the same way as in [[Attitude Determination\|manned aerial vehicle attitude determination]]		* '''Attitude Determination''' - Attitude determination can be done by UAVs in the same way as in [[Attitude Determination\|manned aerial vehicle attitude determination]]
	* '''Georeferencing data''' - As described, UAVs can be deployed for different types of activities. The main type of payload is earth observation payload to conduct [[Aerial ~~Surveys~~\|aerial surveys]] where different techniques (cameras, radars, lidars,...) are used to monitor or collect information from the earth surface. For this information to be useful needs to be georeferenced and this is normally done with GNSS.		* '''Georeferencing data''' - As described, UAVs can be deployed for different types of activities. The main type of payload is earth observation payload to conduct [[Aerial Survey\|aerial surveys]] where different techniques (cameras, radars, lidars,...) are used to monitor or collect information from the earth surface. For this information to be useful needs to be georeferenced and this is normally done with GNSS.
	* '''Safety''' - Although self-preservation is less relevant in an unmaned aerial vehicle is still very important that UAVs don't interfere with maned vehicles and that don't cause loss of lives or property damage when they land or crash. Therefore the use of [[Air Traffic Control#Airborne Surveillance Systems (ADS-B)\|ADS-B transponders]] on UAVs will allow traffic controllers, other UAVs and maned aerial vehicles to be aware of their presence.		* '''Safety''' - Although self-preservation is less relevant in an unmaned aerial vehicle is still very important that UAVs don't interfere with maned vehicles and that don't cause loss of lives or property damage when they land or crash. Therefore the use of [[Air Traffic Control#Airborne Surveillance Systems (ADS-B)\|ADS-B transponders]] on UAVs will allow traffic controllers, other UAVs and maned aerial vehicles to be aware of their presence.

Rui.Pereira at 18:26, 7 November 2011

2011-11-07T18:26:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:26, 7 November 2011
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	{{Article Infobox2		{{Article Infobox2
	\|Category=Applications		\|Category=Applications
	~~\|Title={{PAGENAME}}~~
	\|Authors=GMV		\|Authors=GMV
	\|Level=Intermediate		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	\|Logo=GMV		\|Logo=GMV
			\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	}}		}}

	Advanced UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are used or proposed in many missions covering security (including border patrol, anti-drug warfare, chemical, biological and radiological detection, maritime vessel identification and interdiction), surveillance of infrastructures (pipelines, power lines, railways, waterways, roads, airports), search and rescue, mapping, fisheries, agriculture, forestry, natural resource monitoring, fire fighting and emergency management, airborne communication collection and relay, weather data collection, environmental monitoring, pollution detection and other scientific research<ref>[http://iap.esa.int/Tenders/UAS Feasibility Study for an Unmanned Aerial System Mission Supported by Integrated Space Systems], ESA Portal, July 2009</ref>.		Advanced UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are used or proposed in many missions covering security (including border patrol, anti-drug warfare, chemical, biological and radiological detection, maritime vessel identification and interdiction), surveillance of infrastructures (pipelines, power lines, railways, waterways, roads, airports), search and rescue, mapping, fisheries, agriculture, forestry, natural resource monitoring, fire fighting and emergency management, airborne communication collection and relay, weather data collection, environmental monitoring, pollution detection and other scientific research<ref>[http://iap.esa.int/Tenders/UAS Feasibility Study for an Unmanned Aerial System Mission Supported by Integrated Space Systems], ESA Portal, July 2009</ref>.

	GNSS plays a very important role in UAVs. Either in when guided autonomously or guided by ground-based pilots, ~~GNSS is used for~~ determination of the location and speed of the UAV either for navigation or georeferencing the collected data. If the vehicle is autonomous, GNSS can contribute actively to the control loop of the UAV by providing inputs to the control algorithm and by giving feedback to the control algorithm after an action is taken.		GNSS plays a very important role in UAVs. Either when guided autonomously or guided by ground-based pilots, the determination of the location and speed of the UAV either for navigation or georeferencing the collected data is usually done by GNSS. If the vehicle is autonomous, GNSS can contribute actively to the control loop of the UAV by providing inputs to the control algorithm and by giving feedback to the control algorithm after an action is taken.

	== Application Architecture ==		== Application Architecture ==
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	[[File:Pteryx UAV - wiki.jpg\|right\|thumb\|300px\|Pteryx UAV used for aerial surveys]]		[[File:Pteryx UAV - wiki.jpg\|right\|thumb\|300px\|Pteryx UAV used for aerial surveys]]

	The characteristics and installation of the GNSS receivers in UAVs can vary with the type of UAV and how the the UAV uses the GNSS information. For larger UAVs the equipment and installation can be similar to the equipment ~~used in~~ conventional aircrafts (except for the user interface). For smaller UAVs there might be the need to have tailored GNSS receivers based on existing off-the-shelf equipment due the reduced size of the aircraft.		The characteristics and installation of the GNSS receivers in UAVs can vary with the type of UAV and how the the UAV uses the GNSS information. For larger UAVs the equipment and installation can be similar to the equipment built for conventional aircrafts (except for the user interface). For smaller UAVs there might be the need to have tailored GNSS receivers based on existing off-the-shelf equipment due the reduced size of the aircraft.

	Typically the installation will consist of one antenna installed on the upper part of the aircraft connected to the receiver that is then connected to the avionics of the UAV where the GNSS data can be integrated with other sensors data. If GNSS data is used for attitude determination a multiple antenna configuration might be in-place usually with up to 3 antennas usually installed on the tip of the wings and on the tail.		Typically the installation will consist of one antenna installed on the upper part of the aircraft connected to the receiver that is then connected to the avionics of the UAV where the GNSS data can be integrated with other sensors data. If GNSS data is used for attitude determination a multiple antenna configuration might be in-place usually with up to 3 antennas usually installed on the tip of the wings and on the tail.
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	In UAVs, GNSS can be used for 4 different types of applications<ref>[http://www.septentrio.com/sites/default/files/papers/GNSS_positioning_for_UAV_Applications_Leyssens.pdf GNSS positioning for UAV Applications], Jan Leyssens, Septentrio</ref>:		In UAVs, GNSS can be used for 4 different types of applications<ref>[http://www.septentrio.com/sites/default/files/papers/GNSS_positioning_for_UAV_Applications_Leyssens.pdf GNSS positioning for UAV Applications], Jan Leyssens, Septentrio</ref>:
	* '''Navigation''' - The use of GNSS in the navigation of UAV is similar to the ~~use~~ in [[En Route Navigation\|manned aerial vehicle navigation]]. Two main differences can be observed:		* '''Navigation''' - The use of GNSS in the navigation of UAV is similar to the one in [[En Route Navigation\|manned aerial vehicle navigation]]. Two main differences can be observed:
	** Safety requirements are less stringent since the loss of the vehicle doesn't imply the loss of human lives or injuries. Anyhow safety requirements must still be taken into account as described below.		** Safety requirements are less stringent since the loss of the vehicle doesn't imply the loss of human lives or injuries. Anyhow safety requirements must still be taken into account as described below.
	** In autonomous UAVs, GNSS is part of the control loop of the guidance algorithm, although other sources such as cameras, inertial sensors are normally ~~used~~ and combined by filters with GNSS data to guide the vehicle.		** In autonomous UAVs, GNSS is part of the control loop of the guidance algorithm, although other sources such as cameras, inertial sensors are normally also integrated and combined by filters with GNSS data to guide the vehicle.
	* '''Attitude Determination''' - Attitude determination can be ~~used~~ by UAVs in the same way as in [[Attitude Determination\|manned aerial vehicle attitude determination]]		* '''Attitude Determination''' - Attitude determination can be done by UAVs in the same way as in [[Attitude Determination\|manned aerial vehicle attitude determination]]
	* '''Georeferencing data''' - As described, UAVs can be ~~used~~ for ~~a numerous type~~ of activities. The main type of payload is earth observation payload to conduct [[Aerial Surveys\|aerial surveys]] where different techniques (cameras, radars, lidars,...) are used to monitor or collect information from the earth surface. For this information to be useful needs to be georeferenced and this is normally done ~~using~~ GNSS.		* '''Georeferencing data''' - As described, UAVs can be deployed for different types of activities. The main type of payload is earth observation payload to conduct [[Aerial Surveys\|aerial surveys]] where different techniques (cameras, radars, lidars,...) are used to monitor or collect information from the earth surface. For this information to be useful needs to be georeferenced and this is normally done with GNSS.
	* '''Safety''' - Although self-preservation is less relevant in an unmaned aerial vehicle is still very important that UAVs don't interfere with maned vehicles and that don't cause loss of lives or property damage when they land or crash. Therefore the use of [[Air Traffic Control#Airborne Surveillance Systems (ADS-B)\|ADS-B transponders]] on UAVs will allow traffic controllers, other UAVs and maned aerial vehicles to be aware of their presence.		* '''Safety''' - Although self-preservation is less relevant in an unmaned aerial vehicle is still very important that UAVs don't interfere with maned vehicles and that don't cause loss of lives or property damage when they land or crash. Therefore the use of [[Air Traffic Control#Airborne Surveillance Systems (ADS-B)\|ADS-B transponders]] on UAVs will allow traffic controllers, other UAVs and maned aerial vehicles to be aware of their presence.

	== Application Examples ==		== Application Examples ==

	The number of UAVs in operation is too big to list here<ref>[[Wikipedia:List of unmanned aerial vehicles\|List of UAVs from Wikipedia]]</ref>. Most of the UAVs currently on operation uses GNSS.		The number of UAVs in operation is too big to list here<ref>[[Wikipedia:List of unmanned aerial vehicles\|List of UAVs from Wikipedia]]</ref>. Most of the UAVs currently on operation uses GNSS in some way.

	Some of the most known UAVs due to its involvement in the US operations in Afghanistan and Iraq are the [[SKYbrary:Predator B\|Predator B]] and its successor the [[Wikipedia:General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper\|Reaper]].		Some of the most known UAVs due to its involvement in the US operations in Afghanistan and Iraq are the [[SKYbrary:Predator B\|Predator B]] and its successor the [[Wikipedia:General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper\|Reaper]].

Timo.Kouwenhoven: Text replace - "|Level=Medium" to "|Level=Intermediate"

2011-11-06T07:39:53Z

Text replace - "|Level=Medium" to "|Level=Intermediate"

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:39, 6 November 2011
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	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	\|Authors=GMV		\|Authors=GMV
	\|Level=~~Medium~~		\|Level=Intermediate
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
	\|Logo=GMV		\|Logo=GMV

Timo.Kouwenhoven: Text replace - "|Authors=GMV." to "|Authors=GMV"

2011-11-01T13:46:59Z

Text replace - "|Authors=GMV." to "|Authors=GMV"

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:46, 1 November 2011
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	\|Category=Applications		\|Category=Applications
	\|Title={{PAGENAME}}		\|Title={{PAGENAME}}
	\|Authors=GMV.		\|Authors=GMV
	\|Level=Medium		\|Level=Medium
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011

Timo.Kouwenhoven: /* Application Examples */

2011-09-19T09:12:11Z

Application Examples

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:12, 19 September 2011
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	The number of UAVs in operation is too big to list here<ref>[[Wikipedia:List of unmanned aerial vehicles\|List of UAVs from Wikipedia]]</ref>. Most of the UAVs currently on operation uses GNSS.		The number of UAVs in operation is too big to list here<ref>[[Wikipedia:List of unmanned aerial vehicles\|List of UAVs from Wikipedia]]</ref>. Most of the UAVs currently on operation uses GNSS.

	Some of the most known UAVs due to its involvement in the US operations in Afghanistan and Iraq are the [[~~Wikipedia~~:~~General Atomics MQ-1~~ Predator\|Predator]] and its successor the [[Wikipedia:General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper\|Reaper]].		Some of the most known UAVs due to its involvement in the US operations in Afghanistan and Iraq are the [[SKYbrary:Predator B\|Predator B]] and its successor the [[Wikipedia:General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper\|Reaper]].

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==