Atmospheric Refraction - Revision history

Jaume.Sanz at 11:02, 15 July 2013

2013-07-15T11:02:46Z

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	The ~~delay experienced by the~~ electromagnetic signals when ~~crossing~~ the atmosphere ~~(troposphere, ionosphere) is named atmospheric~~ refraction.		The electromagnetic signals experience changes in velocity (speed and direction) when passing through the atmosphere due to the refraction.

	According to the Fermat's principle, the measured range <math>l</math> is given by the integral of the refractive index <math>n</math> along the ray path from the satellite to receiver:		According to the Fermat's principle, the measured range <math>l</math> is given by the integral of the refractive index <math>n</math> along the ray path from the satellite to receiver:

Carlos.Lopez at 11:19, 23 February 2012

2012-02-23T11:19:25Z

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Jaume.Sanz at 08:06, 8 February 2012

2012-02-08T08:06:08Z

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	\|Category=Fundamentals		\|Category=Fundamentals
	\|Authors=J. Sanz Subirana, JM. Juan Zornoza and M. ~~Hernandez~~-Pajares, University of ~~Catalunia~~, Spain.		\|Authors=J. Sanz Subirana, J.M. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernández-Pajares, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain.
	\|Level=Basic		\|Level=Basic
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011

Carlos.Lopez at 08:17, 23 January 2012

2012-01-23T08:17:43Z

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	\|Authors=J. Sanz Subirana, JM. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernandez-Pajares, University of Catalunia, Spain.		\|Authors=J. Sanz Subirana, JM. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernandez-Pajares, University of Catalunia, Spain.
	\|Level=Basic		\|Level=Basic
	\|YearOfPublication=2011		\|YearOfPublication=2011
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	The delay experienced by the electromagnetic signals when crossing the atmosphere (troposphere, ionosphere) is named atmospheric refraction.		The delay experienced by the electromagnetic signals when crossing the atmosphere (troposphere, ionosphere) is named atmospheric refraction.

Carlos.Lopez at 08:31, 9 August 2011

2011-08-09T08:31:52Z

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	[[Category:Fundamentals]]		[[Category:Fundamentals]]
			[[Category:GNSS Measurements Modelling]]

Carlos.Lopez at 08:42, 7 April 2011

2011-04-07T08:42:17Z

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	Notice that the previous definition includes both the signal bending and propagation delay. A simplification of previous expression is to approximate the first integral along the straight line between the satellite and receiver:		Notice that the previous definition includes both the [[Electromagnetic Beam Bending\|signal bending]] and propagation delay. A simplification of previous expression is to approximate the first integral along the straight line between the satellite and receiver:

	::<math>		::<math>

Carlos.Lopez: Created page with "{{Article Infobox2 |Category=Fundamentals |Title={{PAGENAME}} |Authors=J. Sanz Subirana, JM. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernandez-Pajares, University of Catalunia, Spain. |Level=Basic |..."

2011-04-07T08:24:18Z

Created page with "{{Article Infobox2 |Category=Fundamentals |Title={{PAGENAME}} |Authors=J. Sanz Subirana, JM. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernandez-Pajares, University of Catalunia, Spain. |Level=Basic |..."

New page

{{Article Infobox2
|Category=Fundamentals
|Title={{PAGENAME}}
|Authors=J. Sanz Subirana, JM. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernandez-Pajares, University of Catalunia, Spain.
|Level=Basic
|YearOfPublication=2011
}}
The delay experienced by the electromagnetic signals when crossing the atmosphere (troposphere, ionosphere) is named atmospheric refraction.

According to the Fermat's principle, the measured range <math>l</math> is given by the integral of the refractive index <math>n</math> along the ray path from the satellite to receiver:

::<math>
l= \int_{_{\mbox{ray path}}}{n\,dl}\qquad\mbox{(1)}</math>

Thence, the signal delay can be written as:

::<math>
\Delta= \int_{_{\mbox{ray path}}}{n\,dl}-\int_{_{\mbox{straight line}}}{dl}\qquad\mbox{(2)}</math>

where the second term integral is the Euclidean distance between the satellite and receiver.

Notice that the previous definition includes both the signal bending and propagation delay. A simplification of previous expression is to approximate the first integral along the straight line between the satellite and receiver:

::<math>
\Delta= \int_{_{\mbox{straight line}}}{(n-1)\,dl}\qquad\mbox{(3)}</math>

From the point of view of signal delay, the atmosphere can be divided in two main components: the neutral atmosphere (i.e., the non ionised part), which is a non dispersive media, and the ionosphere, where the delay experienced by the signals depends on their frequency.

It must be pointed out that the neutral ionosphere includes the troposphere and stratosphere, but the dominant component is the troposphere, and thence, usually the name of the delay refers only to the troposphere (as [[Tropospheric Delay |tropospheric delay]]).

* See [[Ionospheric Delay]] and [[Tropospheric Delay]] for more information

[[Category:Fundamentals]]